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Describe Freud's theories
- psychoanalytic model of personality development
- grandfather of psychoanalysis
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Describe Erikson's Theories
Eight stages of life
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Describe Piaget's theories
theory of cognitive development
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Sigmund Freud Model of Personality
- Personality development is result of conflicts we resolve in childhood. We learn to satisfy impulses while handling social pressures.
- If a conflict is not resolved during a psychosexual stage, the fixation persists
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According to Freud, which years are most important? And why?
- The first 5 years
- He argued that childhood experiences are important in personality development
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What are the three components of personality according to Freud?
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Describe the Id personality
basic instincts, impulsive behaviors to seek pleasure, reflex actions, and pleasure
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Describe the Ego personality
Rational, thinking behavior, control, manipulation, problem-solving
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Describe the superego personality
construct of socialization, morals, conscience, learned behavior
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What are Freud's 5 psychosexual stages, that are associated with a particular erogenous zone fixation?
- 1. Oral
- 2. Anal
- 3. Phallic (Oedipal & Electra)
- 4. Latency
- 5. Genital
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Describe Freud's Oral stage
- Birth-1 year
- Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure
- Parent/child bonding is essential
- Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood
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Describe Freud's Anal Stage
- 1-3 years
- Anus is associated with pleasure
- Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
- Fixation can lead to anal retentive or explosive behaviors in adulthood
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Describe Freud's Phallic Stage
- 3-5 years
- Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals
- Oedipus or Electra complex can occur
- Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females.
- Sex roles are internalized through identification to the parent of the same sex.
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Describe Freud's Latency Stage
- 5yrs-puberty
- Sexuality is repressed
- Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships.
- Achievment and knowledge are in focus
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Decribe Freud's Genital Stage
- From puberty on
- Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others
- Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work.
- Fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages
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Describe what Eriksons 8 stages are about
- Based on Freud's theories
- psychosocial crisis: arises and demands resolution before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated.
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What are Eriksons 8 stages?
- Stage 1- Trust vs Mistrust (hope)
- Stage 2- Self-Reliance vs Self-Doubt (will)
- Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt (purpose)
- Stage 4- Industry vs Inferiority (competence)
- Stage 5- Identity vs. Role-Confusion (fildelity)
- Stage 6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (love)
- Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation (care)
- Stage 8- Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom)
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Describe Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth - 1 year Infancy
- infants need to feel cared for and love
- If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
- Trust within and without (trust of self and others)
- Rejected children are more fearful, insecure, jealous, aggressive, hostile, isolated, and mistrustful
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Describe Stage 2 Self-Reliance vs. Self-doubt
- 1-3 years Early Childhood
- Awareness od emerging skills develops
- Need to be taken seriously
- toddlers learn to exercise will and do things fro themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
- Positive resolution includes acceptance of negative feelings, rage, anger, hatred-as well as independence
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Describe Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6 years Preschool age
- Child decides what kind of person to be
- Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
- Initiative comes with freedom and opportunity to initiate motor play and intellectual pursuits
- Guilt comes from being made to feel bad about self-initiated activities and ideas
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Describe Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority
- 6-12 years School Age
- Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
- Academic tasks: reading , writing, math
- Physical tasks: sports, manual dexterity
- Social tasks: making friends, following rules, sharing ideas
- Industry is orientation toward working, doing, and producing
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Describe Stage 5 Identity vs Role-Confusion
- 12-18 years Adolescence and teen
- teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
- Time of psychological and physiological revolution
- Firm self- image is formed
- Must develop strong identity-sexual, personal
- Time to select work goasl, career
- Lack of identity=inability to progress successfully
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Describe Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation
- 18-25 years Early Adulthood
- Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
- Intimacy is the ability to care deeply for another person
- The ability to give and receive affection
- Isolation leads to delf-absorption and "social death"
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Describe Generativity vs.Stagnation
- 35 to 55 years Middle Age
- •The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family & work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
- •Become more aware of eventual death. Questions life-style, goals choices
- •Motivation to have impact outside of family
- •Care represents concern for others and need to
- give to next generation
- •Stagnation reflects preoccupation with self only
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Describe Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom)
- Ages 55 to 65 to death Old age
- •When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
- •Wisdom comes from a meaningful life
- •Integrity reflects the life well-lived
- •With integrity, one can accept death
- •Despair reflects a wish to do it over correctly
- •With despair, one does not find peace
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Describe Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
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•Only concerned with intellect (thinking, reason, perception)
- •External & internal forces did not influence intellect
- •Occurs in sequence but at much different rates
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Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
- Ages 0-2
- •Understand the world through senses and motor actions (sucking, kicking, grasping, hitting, looking)
- •Develop object permanence
- •Stranger anxiety
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Describe Piaget's Preoperative Stage
- Ages 2-6 or 7
- •Understand intuitive relations
- •Uses play to communicate
- •Thinking is egocentric, dominated by own perception
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Describe Piaget's Concrete Operations Stage
- Ages 7-11 or 12
- •Can do logical operations
- •Understand reversibility
- •Can do conservation & classification tasks
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What is the critical question of the "conservation of liquid" task?
always- "why do you think so?"
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Describe Piaget's Formal Operations Stage
- Age 12-adulthood
- •Can do abstract & hypothetical reasoning
- •Can reason contrary to experience
- •Concerned about other people's place in society
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