Imperialism in SE Asia

Dutch East India Company Founded

Jan Pieterzoon Coen founds Batavia (Jakarta)

Development of indirect rule in Java: Regents (local princes) and Residents (Dutch advisors)

First coffee transplanted from Mocha (Arabia) to Java

VOC goes bankrupt.

Hermann Willem Deaendels, Napoleonic governor, attempts to establish direct Dutch rule.

Sir Stamford Raffles, British governor, also tries to establish direcct rule on British Indian pattern.

Java War - leader: Prince Diponegoro

• "Culture System" established by Johannes van den Bosch
• Indirect rule by regents and residents again.
• Delivery of coffee and other export crops on a commission basis.

Liberal reforms, free trade & investment

Sumatra War

"Ethical System"

Administrative decentralization, local village councils.

Volksraad, or National Council, established.

• 1811-1816: British Governor in Java
• 1819: Founds Singapore to circumvent Dutch trade monopoly.

• 1839: Helps Sultan of Brunei crush local rebellion.
• 1846: Becomes "white Raja" of Sarawak

Straits settlements (Penang, Malacca, Singapore) became a crown colony under direct British rule (formerly they were territories of the British East India Co., abolished in 1858)

Murder of the JWW Birch, 1st British Resident in Perak; Perak War, beginning of the Resident system in tha Malay states.

Federated Malay States (Perak, Penang, Selangor, and Negri Sembilan) come under formal British protectorate, although indirect rule had been developing since 1870s

"Unfederated States" (Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu, and Perlis) detached from Sianm as a result of the Anglo-Siamese treaty and come under the protectorate.

Johore also comes under protectorate.

British North Borneo Trading Co. becomes virtual ruler of Sabah.

Sarawak & Brunei come under British protectorate.

French East India Co. founded

• Catholic missionary activity in Siam (Thailand) and Conchin China (Mekong delta, S. Vietnam)
• Tayson Rebellion based in central Vietneam - or Annam, against te Le/Trinsh dynasty, based in the Tongkin delta (North Vietnam)
• Unification of Vietnam under the Nguyen Brothers
• Late 18th century c.: Bishop Pigneau de Behaine befriends Nguyen Anh, Vietnamese prince (rival to the Taysons)

Pigneau goes to France to get military and financial aid for Nguyen Anh (bad timing)

Nguyen Anh reigns as emperor Gia Long (named for Gia Dinh province (Saigon) and Thang Long province (Hanoi)).

Restoration of the monarchy after the fall of Napoleon.

"July Revolution"

Revolution overthrows the monarchy again, but in 1852, Napoleon III establishes 2nd Empire.

Franco-Prussian war, fall of the 2nd empire, establishment of the 3rd Republic

French imperialism in Africa and Indochina expands, especially under Jules Ferry: Prime Minister, 1881, 1883-85, known as "Le Tonkinois"

French-Spanish force captures Danang to rescue Christian missionaries. Emperor Tu Duc had reputedly been persecuting Christians.

Saigon and 3 provinces in Mekong delta occupied, commercial relationss and plantation agriculture developed.

Prince Norodom of Cambodia asks for French aid against Siam, French protectorate over Cambodia established

Direct French coonial rule over most of Cochin China.

Jean Dupuis, Frenh adventurer in Tonkin, trading with S. China (Yunnan) via Red River, blocked by Vietnamese authorities in Hanoi when tries to take over the salt trade, appeals for Frech help.

Francois Garnier, leading a French rescue mission from the South, is killed in Tonkin.

Treaty between France and emperor Tu Duc: French agree to withdras from Tongkin in return for commercial concessions, a Resident at the court of Hue, and recognition of their role in Cochinchina.

Renewed conflict in Tonkin: French commander killed leading expedition agains Black Flag (Chinese) pirates; outrage in Paris led by Jules Ferry.

Franco-Chinese Treaty of Tientsin recognizing French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin. Indirect rule: Nguyen court preserved, but with French administration.

French protectorate over Laos.

Magellan circumnavigates the globe, killed in an encounter with islanders in what later became the Philippines.

Miguel Lopes de Legaspi, in a voyage from Acapulco, establishes a Spanish settlement in the Philippines, named for Philip II of Spain.

Annual Manila galleon (form Acapulco) becomes a source of Latin American silver in Asia and of Chinese goods for New Spain and Europe.