Photosynthesis is an example of:A. An exergonic reaction B. An endergonic reaction C. Both A and B D. None of the above
B. An endergonic reaction
What is the main product of the electron transport chain?A. In chloroplasts is O2 B. In mitochondria is CO2 C. ATP D. Both A and B are correct
C. ATP
What is the final event in aerobic respiration?A. O2 gets oxidized B. H2O gets broken down C. O2 gets reduced D. CO2 is released
C. O2 gets reduced
How is cellular respiration related to breathing?
When we breathe we inhale the input of respiration (O2) and exhale the outputs of respiration (CO2 and H2O).
Which below is FALSE?A. Sexual reproduction requires a lot of energy compared to asexual reproduction B. Asexual reproduction is relatively new C. Sexual reproduction generates diversity D. Asexual reproduction is used primarily by prokaryotes
B. Asexual reproduction is relatively new
How are the members of a homologous pair of chromosomes similar and different?
They carry the same genes, in the same sequence, but may have different alleles of those genes.
Why is photosynthesis important for the direction taken in the evolution of life on Earth?A. It allowed organisms to live inside of the water B. It allowed prokaryotic cells to evolve C. It allowed organisms to become more complex D. It allowed life to evolve
C. It allowed organisms to become more complex
Why is it not correct to describe photosynthesis as “a process in which water and carbon dioxide combine to form glucose”?
Water and carbon dioxide do not directly combine in photosynthesis. Water is an input of the Light Reactions whereas CO2 is an input of the Carbon Reactions.
How is oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis?A. By breaking down CO2 B. By breaking down H2O C. By breaking down C6 H12 O6 D. By breaking down ATP
B. By breaking down H2O
Photons are…A. Positively charged particles in solar radiation B. Packets of energy that travel in waves C. Positively charged particles in an atom D. Electrons present in solar radiation
B. Packets of energy that travel in waves
Put the following wavelengths of light in order from highest to lowest energy:
Ultraviolet-violet-blue-green-yellow-orange-red-infrared
Which is the most abundant pigment present in plants?A. Chlorophyll a B. Xanthophyll C. Chlorophyll b D. Carotene E. Chloroplast
A. Chlorophyll a
Why are there yellow, orange and red leaves in fall in temperate areas?A. Chlorophyll degrades into pigments other than green B. The plants start producing larger amounts of non-chlorophyll pigments C. Chlorophyll disappears from the leaves then D. Chlorophyll degrades into carotenes
C. Chlorophyll disappears from the leaves then
What is the best definition of NADPH?A. An electron acceptor molecule present in the thylakoid membrane B. An electron carrier molecule produced in the stroma of the chloroplast C. An electron acceptor molecule present in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion D. An electron carrier molecule produced in the matrix of the mitochondrion
B. An electron carrier molecule produced in the stroma of the chloroplast
The carbon reactions of photosynthesis used to be called dark reactions. Why the name change?A. As a carbohydrate is the main input of the reaction, the term “carbon reaction” is more appropriate B. Light is one of the inputs of the carbon reactions C. Even though light is not an input, the carbon reactions need to occur simultaneously with the light reactions D. As carbon dioxide is an output of the reaction, the term “carbon reaction” is more appropriate
C. Even though light is not an input, the carbon reactions need to occur simultaneously with the light reactions
During photosynthesis…A. Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide B. Carbon dioxide is oxidized into glucose C. Glucose is reduced into carbon dioxide D. Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose
D. Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose
During aerobic respiration…A. Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose B. Glucose is reduced into carbon dioxide C. Carbon dioxide is oxidized into glucose D. Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide
D. Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide
Photosystems 1 and 2 are connected by:A. The carbon reactions B. An electron transport chain C. The Krebs cycle D. The Calvin cycle
B. An electron transport chain
PGAL is:A. An electron transport molecule in photosynthesis B. A carbohydrate produced in the Calvin cycle C. A sugar present in the stroma that combines with CO2 as it enters the Calvin cycle D. An electron transport molecule in fermentation
B. A carbohydrate produced in the Calvin cycle
True or False: CO2 can be either absorbed by the leaves or by the roots of a plant.True False
False, CO2 is absorbed only by the leaves using the stomata.
True or False: Glucose can be either absorbed by the leaves or by the roots of a plant.True False
False, Plants do not absorb glucose; they produce it.
What are the 3 pathways to obtain energy from food used by organisms?
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation
During glycolysis, a glucose molecule is:A. Broken down into 3 molecules of pyruvate B. Broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvate C. Put together to form 1 molecule of pyruvate D. Put together to form 2 molecules of pyruvate E. Broken down and the carbon atoms liberated as CO2
B. Broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvate
The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the molecules:A. NADH and FADH2 B. NADH and NADP C. NADP and FADH2 D. NADH2 and Glucose
A. NADH and FADH2
The electron transport chain of respiration is located in the:A. Cytoplasm B. Nucleus C. Lysosome D. Mitochondrion
D. Mitochondrion
The area enclosed by the highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane is the:A. Stroma B. Cytoplasm C. Matrix D. Outer membrane
C. Matrix
In Glycolysis the net number of ATP produced is:A. 1 B. 34 C. 4 D. 2
D. 2
The sole source of ATP production in cells using fermentation only is:A. Calvin cycle B. Electron transport chain C. Kreb’s cycle D. Glycolysis
D. Glycolysis
The most ancient of the energy pathways is probably:A. Photosynthesis B. Aerobic respiration C. Calvin cycle D. Glycolysis
D. Glycolysis
If you put a plant in a chamber and place it in the dark, the concentrations ______:A. of O2 will fall and CO2 will rise B. of O2 will rise and CO2 will fall C. of both O2 and CO2 will rise D. of both O2 and CO2 will fall
A. of O2 will fall and CO2 will rise
The molecule that controls the synthesis of proteins and copies itself for the next generation of cells is:A. DNA B. FAD C. NADH D. RNA
A. DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes become microscopically visible in cell division because:A. They become less tightly wound B. They increase in length C. They become more tightly wound D. They become more tightly wound and they increase in length
C. They become more tightly wound
A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a_____ cell.A. Haploid B. Sister C. Diploid D. Somatic
C. Diploid
The pair of unmatched chromosomes in humans:A. Are the sex chromosomes in males B. Are a pair of autosomes in males C. Are the sex chromosomes in females D. Are a pair of autosomes in females
A. Are the sex chromosomes in males
The portion of the cytoskeleton that enables the chromosomes to be separated equally into two sets is the:A. Golgy body B. Flagellum C. Mitotic spindle D. Centromere
C. Mitotic spindle
The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks into small pieces is:A. Prophase B. Prometaphase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase
B. Prometaphase
A zygote is:A. A product of meiosis B. A diploid cell C. A haploid cell D. A gamete
B. A diploid cell
Meiotic cell division replicates a cell’s DNA ______ and then divides ______.A. Twice, once B. Once, once C. Twice, twice D. Once, twice
D. Once, twice
Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are:A. All the autosomes B. Found in females only C. Homologous chromosomes D. The X and Y chromosomes
C. Homologous chromosomes
In meiosis, paired homologs align down the center of the cell during:A. Metaphase 1 B. Prophase 1 C. Metaphase 2 D. Prophase 2
A. Metaphase 1
Prophase Mitosis
–DNA coils tightly –2 centrosomes migrate to opposite poles –Spindle fibers form –Nucleolus disappears
Prometaphase Mitosis
–Spindles attach to chromosomes –Nuclearenvelope disappears
Metaphase Mitosis
Mitotic spindle aligns chromosomes on equator
Anaphase Mitosis
Centromeres split Sister chromatids pulled apart
Telophase Mitosis
–Spindle disassembles –Chromosomes unwind –Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear
Prophase 1 Meiosis 1
Replicated chromosomes condense Homologous chromosomes line up next to one another Crossing over occurs
Metaphase 1 Meiosis 1
Paired homologs align at the cell’s equator
Anaphase 1 Meiosis 1
Homologous chromosomes separate Sister chromatids remain joined
Telophase 1 Meiosis 1
Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes with may temporarily decondense spindles disappear
Prophase 2 Meiosis 2
Spindles form Nuclear envelopes break up
Metaphase 2 Meiosis 2
Chromosomes align along equator of cell
Anaphase 2 Meiosis 2
Centromeres split as sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of cell
Telophase 2 Meiosis 2
Nuclear envelopes assemble around daughter nuclei Chromosomes decondense Spindles disappear
Polyploidy
Diploid human gametes may be formed due to problems in formation of the spindle fibers Fertilization would produce a triploid zygote, not viable; zygote does not develop
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes fail to separate at either the first or the second meiotic division results in Extra or missing chromosomes (one extra chromosomes : trisomy)Most embryos with incorrect chromosome numbers cease developing before birth (spontaneous abortion)
Trisomy
One extra chromosome
