6

• a lineage ma aquire its characters much later than when it actually diverged
• species may have migrated and fossilized looking like it would have been sooner than it was

new species evolve by gradual transformation and divergence of ancestral species into descendant species, no node

founder affect speciation, abrupt appearance of closely related species , not to higher taxa

long periods of no evolutionary change then rapid shifts from one speciation to another

observation that some characters evolve over time without speciation, without a node, can have a group where there is no evidence of cladogenesis in the fossil record

change of 1 sd of the character mean size per generation, standard deviation

last universal common ancestor 3.8bya

beginning of solar system

earliest prokaryotes

reducing atmosphere changes to oxidative atmosphere

evolution of eukaryotes