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CVA Etiologies
- Hemorrhage (20%)
- Embolus
- Thrombus
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CVA Hemorrhage
sudden, poor prognosis
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CVA Embolus
Sudden not related to activity - fair to good
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thrombus
gradual, evolving good prognosis
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Ischemic Strokes
Due to embolus & thrombus - Tx Thrombolytics & Anticoagulants
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Symptoms
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria
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Type I Diabetes
Insufficient or ineffective insulin
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Diabetes Type II
obesity, adult onset
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Diabetes Type II Tx
diet, excercise
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Diabates Brain
Stroke, TIA (transient ischemic attacks)
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Diabetes Heart
angina, heart attack
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Diabetes Kidney
Kidney Disease
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Diabetes BP
High Blood Pressure
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Diabetes male organ
erectile dysfunction
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Diabetes legs
loss of legs & feet
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Diabates nerves
peripheral neruopathy (nerve disease)
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Classic Symptoms Coronary Artery Disease
Arthersclorosis & Diabetes
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HIV Opportunisitc Infections
Candidiasis, Herpes Simplex, Pneumocysti Carnii Pneumonia, TB
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Candidiasis
fungal infection normally present in body orfices
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HSVI (herpes simplex
causes lesions
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PCP
causes lung infection resulting in fever, cough and chest pain
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TB
bacterial infection of lungs resulting in fever, weight loss and anexoria & malaise
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Kaposi Sarcoma
AIDS - leisions arises from capillaries causing bluish/red lesions
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True AIDS
symptomatic with opportunistic infections and cancers
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Prostate Gland Shape
like donut uretha runs through it, when inflames pinches uretha
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seminferous tubules
100 yards
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Fertilization
- 1ovum 1 sperm - single birth
- 2 ovum 1 sperm - fraternal birth
- 1 ovum 1 sperm that splits - identical twins
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Tx of cryptoorchism
orchiopexy or they will naturall descend
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hydrocele
sac of fluid in the scrotum
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variocele
dialted spermatic veins
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Carcinoma of Prostate
- Risk increase with age
- DRE
- PSA
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Prostate Hyperplasia
- Enlarged benign growth of prostate, could cut off uretha
- Tx - TURP
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Prostate Hyperplasia Symptoms
Urinary obstruction, UTI
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Phimosis
constriction of prepuce opening over glans penis - Tx circumcision
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Chlamydia
bacteria, most common STD, asymptomatic
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Gonorrhea
2nd most commonly, bacteria, inflammation of genitalia and other mucus membranes
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HSVI
usually oral but can affect genitalia 1 in 5 americans, lymphadenopathy
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Syphilis
Bacteria Tx Antibiotics
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Male Diagnostic Procedures
PSA, Semen Analysis, Circumcision, DRE
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PSA
prostate specific antigen, increase may be sign of infection, BPH or cance
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Semen Analysis
infertility test on count, motility, and shape of sperm
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Circumcision
excision of prepuce (foreskin)
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DRE
digital rectal exam - approach to exam prostate gland
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TURP
transurethral resection of prostate - using resectoscope to go thru urethra to cut pieces of prostate
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Preclampsia
hypertension, protein in urine, edema
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Abortion
spontaneous and induced
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after 20 weeks
preterm, before 20 weeks abortion
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C-Section reasons
cephaopelvic - head too big, maternal hemorrhage, fetal distress, abnormal presentation
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Labor gestation
38-42 weeks length of time from conception to birth
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parts of pregnancy
- antepartum - begins at conception until active labor
- labor and delivery
- perperium (post-partum) end of 4th stage of labor -lasts 6 weeks
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presentation
how baby travels birth canal
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abruptio placenta
embryo separated from placenta requires C-Section
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Croup
acute viral infection causing barking cough
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diptheria
bacterial infection causing inflammation and leathery membrane to form over trachea & pharynx
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Asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder, etiology = allergies and infections
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asthma triggers
cold air allergens
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asthma Tx
bronchodialtors, glucocortoicoids
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Cystic Fibrosis
inherited exocrine disorder, causes thick sticky mucus, affects pancreas, salivary glands and mucus glands, no cure Tx at symptoms
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Emphysema
Hyperinflation of lungs, etiology = cigs, large barrel chest
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Pneumoconiosis
Chronic inflammation caused by dust particles
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types of pneumoconiosis
- anthracosis - black lung disease
- asbestosis - exposure to asbestos
- Silicosis - glass grinders
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Pneumonia
7th most common cause of death, inflammation of the lung, caused by bacteria, fungi
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types of pneumonia
community acquired and hospital acquired
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Hospital Aqcuired Pnuemonia
Occurs @ least 48 hrs after hospital admission and incubating at time of admissions
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Manifestation of pnuemonia
- hyper or hypo thermia
- chills
- coughs
- pleuritic chest pain
- tachypnea
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Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, etiology - most often left side heart failure
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COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic persistent obstruction of airflow
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COPD TX
Tx symptoms - o2 weight loss, quit smoking, antibiotics as necessary
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Pleuarl effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleura
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atelectassis
collapsed lung ususally due to blockage in pleura
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Atrium
top chambers of heart
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ventricle
bottom part of heart
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Diastole
less pressure, normal 60-90, 80-89 pre-risk
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systole
high pressure, 100-140, 130-139 pressure risk
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Arrhythmias
abnormal heart rythm, flutter and fibrillation
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flutter
regular rythm but fast
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fibrillation
irregular rythm and also fast
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Coarctation of aorta
narrowin of aorta, ventricle works harder to push through aorta, Tx surgical excision
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Patent Ductus Arteriorosus (PDA_
duct b/w aorta and pulmonary artery remains open, can cause cyanosis, fatigue and tachypnea
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PAD Tx
resolves itself, surgery, medication
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VAD
ventricle atrial septal defect - opeining in spetum that separtes the chambers
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ASD
Atrial Septal Defect - opeining in spetum that separtes the chambers
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Tetralogy of Fallot 4
Pulmonary artery stenosis, VSD, Shift of aorta to the right, hypertrophy of right ventricle
in babies treated right away
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Coronary Artery Disease
- impaired blood flow thru coronary arteries, etiology = atherosclerosis = fat
- results in ischemia (blood held back) leading to necrosis(tissue being sick) or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
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CAD Tx
nitrates, anticoagulants, and antihypertensives
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more Tx of CAD
- PTCA (stent or balloon placement)
- CABG (coronoary artery bypass graft, open heart surgery)
- artherectomy - excision of arethoma
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
thread catheter to obstructed area inflate balloon, and possibly stent take balloon out
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Endocarditis
inflammation of lining of the heart, usually due to bacterial infection
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mitral valve prolapse
hardening of walls bigger splash back, charachteized by a murmur
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Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium, etiology is usually bacterial, viral or idiopathic
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Aneurysms
thinning widening of arterial wall - etiology atherosclerosis, hypertension, risk of rupture or hemorrhage
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Hypertension
60 M have it, increase with age, Blacks highest rate, affects all
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types of hypertension
primary/essential and secondary
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primary HT
chronic elevation of BP w/o evidence of underlying cause
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2ndary HT
elevation of BP is due to some other cause (kidney disease)
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Natue of HT
- benign - well managed under control
- accelerated - significant increase in BP
- Malignant - lethal rarely occurs syst>200Dia>140
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HT contributing factors
genes, age, obesity, alcohol, lack of excercise, smoking, stress
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HT damages organs
- brain - CVA, encephalopathy
- Heart - atherosclerosis, hypertrophy
- Eyes - hemorrhages, papilledema
- Kidneys - nephrosclerosis
- blood vessels - PVD, athersclerosis
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Varicose veins
swollen dialted contorted veins
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Varicose Veins Tx
surgery, sclerotherapy, or destruction with laser
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Cardiac Catheritzation
used in PTCA, threading of small flexible tube guideed through vessel and into heart
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