4

includes all descendants of a single ancestor

includes some but not all the descendants of a single ancestor

includes descendants of two or more ancestors, both of which have descendants that are not included in the taxon

extinct group of species early in evolutionary time

species derived from a stem group with distinct derived traits

mammalian forelimb ex. wing of a bat or flipper of a whale, result of conergent evolution

homoplasy that occurs among closely related species, controlled by hox genes, birds of beaks curved to reach nectar

regulatory genes that can turn off and on haplotypes, makes organism better adapted to environment

loss of limbs, fish to tetrapod to snake loss of legs

a character that evolved slowly pentadactyly unlike body size which changes quickly

• different characters evolve at different rates within a lineage
• juveniles different---> adults similar

darwin stated that evolution is slow

sudden bursts of change

evolutionary change in the timing of devlopment in organisms within a clade

decrease , angiosersms evolved having flowers with many floral parts to flowers having fewer such parts

• changes of character is the same direction
• angiospersm flowers in some lineages have evolved longer nectar spurs requiring hummingbirds to have longer beaks

divergent evolution of numerous related lineages within a realtively short time, no single tred , different adaptations for different environments, finches from sa changed and were found on another continent

just because organisms have evolved more recently doesnt mean rgar they have larger genomes

have smaller genomes than there free living relatives , because many of their ancestral genes are no longer needed

genes that diverged from a common ancestral gene during speciation

genes that originated from a common ancestral gene duplication

large sections of duplicated genes

complete genome is duplicated, common in plants