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Message
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
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Listener
The person who receives the message.
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Channel
The means by which a message is communicated.
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Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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Ethics
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
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Name-Calling
The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
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Plagiarism
Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.
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Global Plagiarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.
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Patchwork Plagiarism
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own.
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Paraphrase
To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.
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Hearing
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
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Listening
Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
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Appreciative Listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
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Empathic Listening
Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
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Comprehensive Listening
Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
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Critical Listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.
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Spare Brain Time
The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute).
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Active Listening
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
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Brain Storming
A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.
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General Purpose
The broad goal of a speech.
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Specific Purpose
A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
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Audience-Centeredness
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation.
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Identification
A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
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Egocentrism
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being.
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Supporting Material
The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
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Example
A specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
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Brief Example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
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Extended Example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
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Hypothetical Example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
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Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
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Expert Testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
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Quoting Out of Context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
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Hypothetical Example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
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Chronological Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
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Spatial Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
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Topical Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
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Informative Speech
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
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Jargon
The specialized or technical language of a trade, procession, or similar group.
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