ACC Pathophysiology Unit 2

One or two forms of a gene at corresponding sites on a chromosome pair; the code for phenotype or characteristic manifested in an individual

removal of a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the fetus for examination and diagnosis

Genetic makeup of a cell or individual

Having two different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

Having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

A visual demonstration of the pairs of cell chromosomes arranged in order of size

The characteristics manifested by a person depending on genetic and environmental factor

A substance or condition that impairs normal development of the embryo or fetus in the utero, causing a congenital abnormality

pain or discomfort in the pelvis during sexual intercourse

Abnormal breast enlargement in men

Milk production

Body openings or passage

The first menstural period

Production of spermatozoa

regulates the balance of salt and water in the body

controls the amount of reabsorption of water by the renal tubules

Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)

strong muscle contraction of the hand or foot

an abnormal heart rhythm

fluid moves from high pressure to low pressure areas

the gland at the base of the brain (below the thalamus) that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

an abnormal sensation; typically tingling or pricking ("pins and needles")

repeated skeletal muscle contractions or spasms (often associated w/ hypocalcemia)

indicates tension of the skin based on pressure within the cells; a measure of dehydration

fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion

a product from the breakdown of hemoglobin, excreted bile

part of the placenta that can be tested for genetic defects in the fetus

number of pregnancies, complete or incompletely, experienced by a female

hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum i sthe basis for one kind of pregnancy test

yellow color of the sclera of the eye and skin due to excessive bilirubin in the body fluids for any reason

opening or entrance to a passage, especially one at either end of the cervix of the uterus

the matured female egg cell

inflammation of the peritoneal membranes that may result from chemical irritation or directly from bacterial invasion of the sterile peritoneal cavity

an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elmination and gas exchange through the umbiblical cord

lying face upward; having the front or ventral part upward

fertilized ovum

Intracellular and Extracellular (ISF, CSF)

Respiration and Perspiration

posterior pituitary

adrenal gland

movement of solute using carrier and energy

movement of fluid from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Excessive amount of fluid in the intersitital compartment

• -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure [due to high blood pressure or increased blood volume]
• -Obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
• -Loss of plasma protein
• -Increased capillary permeability

• Mild: loss of 2% body weight
• Moderate: loss of 5% body weight
• Severe: loss of 8% or more body weight

• -vomitting and diarrhea
• -excessive sweating and insensible loss
• -diabetic ketoacidosis with the loss of fluid, electrolytes and glucose in the urine
• -insufficient water intake

• -Dry mucous membranes in the mouth
• -decreased skin elasticity [or turgor]
• -low blood pressure
• -weak pulse
• -increased hematocrit [an effect of concentration]
• -causes sufficient hypovolemia to cause decreased mental function and levels of conciousness

• -increased thirst
• -increased heart rate
• -vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
• -decreased urine output

fluids shift out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue space where it is no longer available for circulation

extracellular; intracellular

Hypernatremia

Potassium

hypokalemia

• -provides strenght to bone/teeth
• -maintains stability of nerve membranes and thus nerve conduction can be affected
• -required for muscle contraction
• -necessary for many metabolic functions and enzyme reactions

• -Hypoparathyroidism
• -Malabsoprtion of calcium
• -deficient serum albumin
• -increased serum pH
• -renal failure

Chloride

• Hypomagnesemia -
• -results from malabsorption or malnutrition; seen frequently in chronic alcoholism
• -can be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperparathyroidism and hyperaldosteronism

• Intracellular - fluid inside of the cell (Cytosol, etc...)
• Extracellular - Intravascular fluid, Interstitial fluid and Cerebrospinal fluid

• • Cancer in situ is not at an invasive stage
• • Cervical cancer is strongly linked to oncogenic STD (herpes and human papilloma HP viruses)
• • Risk factors: multiple sexual partners. Sexual activity at early age and STD

• • Common in older women {55 years or more}
• • Screening tests not available
• • Early indicator: vaginal bleeding in a postmenopausal woman.
• • Most common: adenocarcinoma from glandularepithelium due to endometrial hyperplasia.
• • Major factor: excessive estrogen stimulation(such as exogenous estrogen), obesity, diabetes and HBP
• • Painless vaginal bleed is key sign of endometrial cancer· since it erodes the surface of the uterus.

each parent must pass on the recessive gene to transmit the disorder homozygous allele; heterozygous transmission, i.e. only one gene of the allele is positive produces a carrier.

• Ex: Colorblindness; Cystic Fibrosis; Phenylketonuria:; Sickle Cell disease

presence of only one affected allele in the gene pair is necessary to produce the disorder; there are no carriers; an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing on the disorder

Ex: Polycystic Kidney Disease [Adult], Huntington's Chorea [brain degeneration] and Familial hypercholesterolemia;

carried by the X chromosome; recessive: passed on to male children by affected mother/non-affected father; female children can be carriers; females can be affected if both mother and father are affected [rare]

Ex: Hemophilia A; Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

3 chromosomes rather than two in the 21 position.

Down's Syndrome

Edward's syndrome

Turner's Syndrome

One chromosome, the X chromosome, is present. Only has 45 chromosomes resulting in variety of physical abnormalities and lack of ovaries.

Klinefelter syndrome

an extra X chromosome is present (XXY), resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes in each cell. Not all males show signs and are diagnosed but typically testes are small and sperm are not produced.

increased amount and duration of flow

bleeding between cycles

long cycles of more than 6 weeks

Fibrous tissue causes adhesions andobstruction in different organs -If on the ovaries it may cause a "chocolate cyst" that is a fibrous sac containing old brown blood

• • First manifestation: dysmenorrhea
• • Cause: unknown.

PID is an infection (due to STD or the result of intrauterine devices IUD) of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

• • Includes : cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis andoophoritisIt is common!
• • Ascending infection from vagina or uterinecervix to the fallopian tubes . Exudates may dripfrom fimbriae of F. tubes onto the ovaries.
• • Most common cause of death in women with PID is: septic shock !
• • First indication of PID: lower abdominal pain.
• Pain increases with walking
• VERY tender pelvic exam
• Purulent discharge at the cervical os.
• Fever and increased WBC count
• Peritonitis

• Benign tumors of the myometrium (muscle layer on theuterine wall)
• Common in women in reproductive years.
• Not considered pre cancerous.
• Occur as multiple, well define encapsulated masses thatare homrone dependent
• Asymptomatic until large enough to cause abnormalbleedmg (menorrhagia) or cause pressure on adjacentstructures
• May interfere with pregnancy.

PSA ( prostatic specificantigen) AND prostatic acid phosphatase.

placenta is implanted in thelower uterus or over the cervical os; placenta in this position can tear and bleed near the end of pregnancy [painless red vaginal bleeding]

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, resulting in intrauterine bleeding; can be painful or not;usually occurs in third trimester

infection of the reproductive tract at any time during the 6 weeks following birth

• Hyperplasia of the prostatic tissue with nodules surrounding the urethra leading to itscompression.
• Imbalance between between estrogen and testosterone as result of aging.

is the descend of the cervix of the uterus into the vagina.

occurs when excessive fluid collectsin the potential space between the layers of thetunica vaginal is in one or both testes and can beseen by translumination.

• dilated vein in the spermatic cord,usually on the left
• Usually develops afterpuberty and it is the result of lack of valves in the veins.
• May be painful and may lead to infertility

urethral opening on theVENTRAL surface of the penis.