classification

developed binomial nomenclature, classification made up of nested taxonomic categories

genologic relationships of evolutionary relationships among organisms

classifying and naming organisms

study of relationships among organisms

tree that portrays history of organism using branches

field of biology that regroups taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis

tradational systematics that classifies organisms based on theri morphological or functional similarities

classification of organism based on evolutionary relationship using clades as units of classification rather than traditional taxa

all organisms descended from a common ancestor and this common ancestor

taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa before these diverged further

group of organisms that shares a common ancestor

a group of organisms that derived from a common ancestor but that does not include all the descendants

phylogenetic tree based on true clades

a fork in a branch that marks speciation

evolutionary events that replaces one parent species with two new species

generation of two new species from one ancestral species, evolved at a node

the gradual change of an ancestral species into a new species withouth a speciation event, no node

a trait that members of a monophyletic group inherited from their common ancestor

some members have lost an ancestral trait as a derived trait

a trait not found in a common ancestor but has evolved with a clade

has evolved with a clade in one or more of the descendants

new trait appears in the fossil record. ex nails, claws

derived trait shared among several species and hypothesized to be inherited

how recently they had a common ancestor

ancestral trait shared by several descendants

independently evolved shared derived traits without a single ancestral origin

made it clear that only uniquely derived traits are helpful in determining monophyletic groups and clades, synapomorphy

homoplasious trait, independently evolved without an ancestor

the phylogeny with the least number of innovations is most likely the true phylogeny, more parsimonious having an ancestor that with opposable toes that then devlop non opposable thumb in human lineage

if the rate of molecular evolution is constant we can use D=2rt , this shows age of lineages and geological evidence