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Why are sex hormones required?
- development of secondary sex characteristics
- normal reproduction
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gonads
- testes in male
- ovaries in female
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Teh accessory organs of male reproduction are:
- 1. ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra
- 2. sex glands that provide secretions that protect and nurture sperm
- 3. external genitals
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tunica albuginea
tough whitish membrane surrounding the testes
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seminiferous tubule
- long and coiled tubes within the testes
- sperm develop in the walls and are released into the lumen
- secretes testosterone
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meiosis
multi-step cell division which results in 4 spermatozoa
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Contributions by ducts and accessory sex glands towards semen
- accessory sex glands
- seminal vesicles: 60%
- prostate gland: 30%
- bulbourethral gland: 5%
- reproductive duct
- seminiferous tubules: 5%
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Primary spermatocyte
- product of mitosis
- undergoes meiosis to create sperm
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Testosterone
- created by interstitial cells of the testes
- masculinizes
- promotes and maintains development of male accessory organs
- stimulates protein anablolism
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Name the reproductive ducts
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
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epididymis
- comma shaped reproductive duct that lies above and behind the testes
- sperm mature within the epididymis
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vas deferens
takes sperm from the epididymis to the abdominal cavity
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ejaculatory duct
passes thru the prostate empties sperm into the urethra
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accessory sex glands
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
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components of the penis
- corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra
- corpora cavernosa: spongy erectile tisssue
- glans: distal end of the penis
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oligosperma
- low sperm count
- caused by infection, fever, radiation, malnutrition, and high temperature
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cryptorchidism
undescended testes
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bening prostatic hypertrophy
enlargement of prostate gland
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brachytherapy
small radioactive seeds implanted in prostate thate destroy tumors
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hypospadias
urethral meatus opening on underside of the glans or penile shaft
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epispadias
urethral meatus opening on dorsal side of the glans or penile shaft
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hydrocele
- scrotal swelling caused by accumulation of fluid
- causes: congenital deformities, trauma, infection
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inguinal hernia
scrotal swelling caused by intestines pushing through the abdominal wall
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oocyte
- immature femal sex cell
- held within ovarian follicles
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primary follicles
- becomes a mature follicle which releases an ovum for fertilization
- has a layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte
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corpus luteum
- formed after a mature follicle and releases an ovum for ovulation
- aka yellow body
- secretes progesterone
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oogenesis
production of female gametes
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polar bodies
- created after meiosis in the formation of gametes
- cannot be fertilized
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ovary functions
- oogenesis
- production of estrogen and progesterone
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function of estrogen
- development and maturation of female reproductive organs
- appearance of pubic hair and breast development
- develops female body contours; deposits fat on breasts, hip area and under skin
- initiation of the first menstural cycle
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function of progesterone
- works with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty
- stimulates proliferation and vascularization of epithelial lining of uterus
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oopherectomy
surgical removal of teh ovaries
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fallopian tubes
- ducts for the ovaries
- aka oviducts
- ovum travels through the fallopian tubes and into the uterus for fertilization
- fimbrae and cilia within the falllopian tubes move the ovum to the uterus
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uterus
- body: upper portion
- fundus: top of the uterus where it combines with the fallopian tubes
- cervix: lower section that leads to the vagina
- almost all muscle (myometrium)
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hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
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endometrium
membrane lining the uterus
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when does menopause start?
around age 50
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When does the menstruation cycle start?
- begins at 12 - 13
- repeats every 28 days; happens 13 times/year
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episiotomy
perineum is cut to prevent tearing during childbirth
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menarche
first menses (menstrual flow)
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phases of the menstruation cycle
- menses: menstrual bleeding; beginning of menstrual cycle
- proliferative phase: after menses; follicles mature and the uterine lining thickens; estrogen levels are at highest
- secretory phase: uterine lining is thickest; ovaries secrete highest levels of progesterone
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What does FSH do?
- stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogen
- secreted during the first 7 days
- causes ovulation
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What causes menstruation
sharp decrease in progesterone and estrogen secretion at the end of the secretory phase
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dysmenorrhea
- menstrual cramps
- painful period
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dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
- irregular or excessive uterine bleeding
- causes: hormonal imbalance, uterine malignancy, polyps, fibroids
- treatments: NSAIDs and low dose birth control; edometrial ablation; hysterectomy
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