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Boyle's Law
pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume of a gas
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Dalton's Law
- each gas contributes its percentage of atmospheric pressure
- pressure of a gas is known as the partial pressure
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2,3 diposphoglycerate (DPG)
2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
chemical produced by RBCs which causes oxygen to release from hemoglobin
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anosmia
inability to detect odors
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anoxia
deficiency of oxygen
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atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by gases in the air
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bronchioles
- part of the respiratory tract that has no cartilage and serves the lobules of the lung
- its spasms cause asthma
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carbon monoxide
- odorless, colorless gas from incomplete combustion
- competes with oxygen at the hemes
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chloride shift
movement of chlorine ions in/out of the RBC as bicarbonate ions move out/in
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cough
respiratory mechanism to clear obstructions from the airways
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emphysema
- condition characterized by a loss of elasticity of the lungs
- walls of the alveoli break down and are replaced by larger air sacs
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eupnea
normal quiet breathing
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expiration/exhalation
forcing of air out of the lungs due to positive pressure
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heme
iron containing part of hemoglobin where oxygen and carbon dioxide attach
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hemoptysis
coughing and spitting of blood as a result of bleeding within the respiratory tract
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hiccup
spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm resulting from stimulation in the diaphragm or in the respiratory center of the brain
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hilus
point of attachment of vessels to the lungs
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hemeothermic
animals that maintain a constant body temperature
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hyperpnea
- increase in breathing rate due to exercise
- increased body temperature or emotional stress
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hyperpyrexia
elevated or high body temperature (fever)
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hypothalamus
- region of the brain which controls the temperature of endothermic animals
- its sensors detect changes in the temperature of the circulating blood and initiate the appropriate responses
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hypoxia
state of having too little oxygen in the tissures for normal metabolism
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inspiration/inhalation
movement of air into the lungs due to negative pressure
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laryngitis
inflammation of the vocal cords
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mediastinum
cavity that includes everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs
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negative pressure
lower than the surrounding atmospheric pressure
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paranasal sinuses
- air containing spaces lined with mucous membranes and open to the nasal cavity via ducts
- includes maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid sinuses
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partial pressure
exerted by a specific gas in the atmosphere
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pleura
membranes of the lungs and lung cavity
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pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membranes
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parietal pleura
membrane that lines the inside of the pleural cavity wall and covers the diaphragm
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pneumonia
any lung condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid or blood
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poikilothermic
- animals whose body temperature changes with atmospheric temperature
- ex: reptiles, amphibians, fish
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pyrogens
substances that cause fever by resetting the thermostat in the hypothalamus
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pulmonary edema
condition in which fluid accumulated in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs
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pulmonary/visceral pleura
membrane which covers the lungs
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pulmonary ventilation
breathing
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respiratory membrane
2 squamous cell layers between the alveolar and capillary walls
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sinusitis
inflammation of the membranes of the paranasal sinuses
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sneeze
- forcible exhalation of air through the nasal passageways
- upper respiratory cough
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tracheotomy
opening in the trachea
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tracheostomy
procedure in which the trachea is brought to the skin or a tube is placed in ot keep it open for a periond of time
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