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What R the two parts if adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity & Cell-Mediated immunity
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Which adaptive immunity is an antibody?
Humoral Immunity
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Primary lymphoid organs
Bone Marrow & Thymus
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3 parts of lymphoid system
- Primary lymphoid organs
- 2ndary lymphoid organs
- lymphatic vessels
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Where do B cells mature?
Bone Marrow (B Cells mature in Bone Marrow)
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Where do T cells mature?
Thymus (T Cells matue in Thymus)
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What happens once cells mature?
Cells leave primary lymphoid for 2ndary
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T or F spleen cleanses blood
T
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T or F lymph nodes cleanse lymph fluid
T
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What R 2ndary lymphoid organs?
Sites where Lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens
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wut is the role of lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph to body tissues
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Molecule that specifically interacts w/ an antibody or lymphocyte
Immunogen / Antigen
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T or F antigens R MOSTLY protien
T
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Wut is the structure of an antibody?
Monomer / 4 chains of amino acids held together by disulfide bonds
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T or F Constant region is known as Fc region?
T
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Wut is the Fc Constant region used 4?
To determine class (Fc = Class)
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T or F the Variable region binds to a specific Ag
T
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That is the name of the Variable region that binds 2 each Ab
Fab region (Fab = Antigen Binding)
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First Ab to respond2infection w/ 10day time period
IgM
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Only Ab that can be formed by the Fetus is...
IgM
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IgM structure in circulation
- Pentamer (M has 5 points)
- Mom (M) responds2infection 1st
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what is the majority of Ab's?
IgG
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Dominant Ab (80-85%) in circulation w/ 21day time period
IgG
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Only Ab that can cross the placenta
IgG
-
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Ab found mostly in secretions (w/ 6day time period)
IgA
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Structure is a monomer in serum; & DIMER in secretions
IgA
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Ab this is the Maturation of antibody response
IgD (D for mature domanent)
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Ab active in type 1 allergic reaction
IgE (allerg-E)
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Ab barely detectable in circulation
IgE
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Cloning ofspecific antibodies
Clonal Selection
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Specific response of mature B cells to an sntigens epitopes best describes....
Clonal selection
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Repeated cycles of cell division generates population of copied antibodies best describes...
Clonal Expansion
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Clonal expansion: Imature
Simple B Cell
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Clonal expansion: Naive
B cell contacts an antigen but is clueless
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Clonal expansion: Activated
B cell encounters antigen & makes Fab arms
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Clonal expansion: Effector plasma cells or Memory
Makes antibodies 2b released n2circulation or remebers atigen
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Prevents toxin from interacting w/ cell
Neutralization
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Antibody bonding to cellular structures to interfere w/ function
Immobilization & prevention of Adherence
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Clumping of bacterial cell by specific antibody so bacteria R mo easily phagocytized
Aggutination & Precipitation
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Coating of bacteria w/ antibody 2enhance phagocytosis
Opsonization
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Antibody bonding triggers classical pathway
Complement Activation
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Multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes target 4certain cells
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
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T or F in primary response of Ab-Ag binding there is a lag period of 10-12days
T
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In wut response does Activated B cell grow rapidly & diferentiate into increasing #'s of plasma cells as long as antigen is present
Primary response
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What is the net result of primary response?
Slow steady increase in antibody titer
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In Ab-Ag binding wut response has memory cells that often eliminate invaders b4 noticible harm is done?
2ndary response
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T or F Affinity maturation is a form of natural selection that ouccurs amung proliferating B cells
T
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Affinity maturation does wut 2 Bcells?
Makes them mo specific 2 antigen for higher quality response
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B cells R programd 2differentiate n2plasma cells that secrete IgM antib's, but the b cell switched 2cells that secrete IgG. This is called...
Class switching
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T or F T cells never produce antibodies
T
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In cell mediated ammunity antigen must b presented BY WHO for T cell receptor?
Antigen Presenting Cell
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T cell receptor has wut kind of binding site?
Ag - Major Histocompatability
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MHC stands for...
Major Histocompatibility Complex
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T or F Infection is definded as colonized organisms have parasitic relationship w/ host
T
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No noticable adverse effects
Asymptomatic Infection
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disease causes characteristic signs & symptoms
Symptomatic Infection
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Effects experienced by the patient that are subjective...
symptoms
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Effects that can be observed through examination objectivly...
sign
-
Organism that causes disease in a otherwise healthy person...
Pathogen
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Microbes that cause diease when a body's defense is down...
Opportunistic
-
pathogens disease causeing ability...
virulence
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4 characteristics of infectious disease
- Infectious Dose
- Course of infectious disease
- Duration of symptoms (Illness)
- Distribution of pathogen
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T or F Diseases w/ small infectious dose R easier 2spread than larger 1's
T
-
# of organisms required to establish infection is wut of the 4 characteristics of infectious disease?
1. Infectious Dose
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ID50
# of organism required to infect 50% of the pop.
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Course of infectious disease includes...
- Incubation period
- Illness
- Convalescence
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Course of infectious disease: Time between introduction of organism 2onset symptoms
Incubation period
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Course of infectious disease: signs & symptooms of disease appear
Illness
-
Course of infectious disease: Period of recuperation and recovery
Convalescence
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Duration of symtoms: symptoms have rapid onset and last a short time
Acute
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Duration of symtoms: Chronic
Symptoms develop slowly & persist
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Duration of symtoms: Latent
Infection never completly elimnated & may bcum reactive
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Distribution of pathogen: Infection limited to a small area
Localized
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Distribution of pathogen: Toxins circulating in blood
Toxemia
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Distribution of pathogen: Viruses circulating in blood
Viremia
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Distribution of pathogen: Acute life-threatining illness caused by infectious agaent or its products circulating in blood
Septicemia
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In order 2 cause disease, pathogens must follow a series of steps that include...
- Adherence - bind 2 host cell receptors
- Colonization - bacteria bcum estasblishd & multiply
- Deliver effector molecules - bacteria deliver molecules directly 2host & induce changes 2recieving cell
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Most common type of Acquired Immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity (Natural + Active (energy))
-
Least common type of Acquired Immunity
Artificically acquired passive immunity (Artificial = lab made + passive = no energy)
-
Ab through transplacental or via breast milk
Natually Acquired Passive immunity
-
Injection of Ag (vacination) 2 produce Ab
Artificial acquired active immunity
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Which type of immunity is known as an anit serum?
Artificially acquired passive
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Type of vaccine: Live, weakened form of pathogen
Attenuated vaccine
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Type of vaccine: Unable 2replicate in vaccinated individule
Inactivated vaccines
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Attenuated Vaccine Advantages
- Induce long lasting immunity
- Can spread 2 un immunized individuals
-
Attenuated Vaccine Disadvantages
Could cause disease n immunocompromised ppl
-
T or F Polio, MMR, & yellow fever vaccines R examples of Attenuated vaccines
T
-
Inactivated vaccines advantage
Cannot cause disease, immunogenic not pathogenic
-
Inactivated vaccines disadvantage
- Magnitude of immune response is limited
- Booster shots
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Disease transmitted from one host to another
Communicable disease
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The suitable enviornment that a pathgogen must have to live is called...
a reservoir
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T or F reservoir is the most important part of epidemiology
T
-
Disease that does not spread from one host 2another
Non-Communicable
-
Examples of Non communicable (not pasted from host 2 host)
Tetenus, Flesh eating disease, plaque on teeth
-
Wut causes a non communicable disease?
- A individules own normal flora
- Enviornmental reservoir
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Number of cases of illness divided by population at risk...
Morbidity
-
Population that dies 4rm disease...
Mortality
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Number of new cases per time period...
Incidence
-
total # of existing cases...
Prevalence
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Match these words Worldwide, Endemic, Region, Area, Pandemic, epidemic
- Endemic - Area
- epidemic - region
- Pandemic - Worldwide
-
Put the step of spreading a disease in order...
- Reservoirs
- Portal of Exit
- Transmission
- Portals of Entry
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This reservior is difficult & nearly immposible 2eliminate...
Enviornmental
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T or F there can be non-human animal reservoirs
T
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Human Reservoirs can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Wut is the difference?
- Symptomatic: Obvious source of infectious agents
- Asymptomatic: Harbor pathogen w/no ill effects
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Which reservior is the worst?
Asymptomatic humans
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What r portals of exit?
A orifice or surface of the body that is used as a exit from one host 2another
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Modes of transmission
Direct/Indirect contact, air, food, water, vectors
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In Horizontal transmission how is pathogen passed 4rm reservoir 2host?
Via contact w/ food, water, or living agent
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In Vertical transmission how is pathogen passed 4rm reservoir 2host?
During breast feeding (From mother 2offspring)
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T or F Colonization is a prequisite for causing disease
T
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Name some major portals of entry
Eyes, Broken skin, Respiratory tract, Blood
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Three fators that influence epidemiology of disease
- Dose (lower dose worse than higher)
- Incubation Period (Longer period, greater spead)
- Population (certain pops mo susceptible2diff. illness)
-
Wut is herd immunity?
If enuf ppl r vaccinated the whole population can b immune
-
Wut r the 6 popula. charact. dat influence occurence of diease?
- Immunity - General Health
- Age - Gender
- Religion - Genetics
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Epidemiologists investigate disease outbreak 2 determine...
- Causative Agent
- Reservoir
- Route of Transmission
-
Epidemiological Studies
- Descriptive Studies
- Analytical Studies
- Corss Sectional Studies
- Retrospective Studies
- Prospective studies
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Descriptive epidemiology studies define wut characteristics?
- Person: Profile of ill persons
- Place: general contact sites, identifies poss. reservoirs
- Time: Rapid rise suggests common source
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Wut do Analytical epidemiology studies determine?
Which potential factors from descriptive studies r relevent
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Significance of cross-sectional epidemiology studies
Survey range of ppl 2c the degree of the # of characteris.
-
Describe Retrospective epidemiology Studies
Done following outbreak, compare actions & evens surrounding outbreak
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Describe Prospective epidemiology Studies (Academia)
Look ahead 2c if retrospective risk factors predict tendency 2develop disease (hypothesis)
-
T or F experimental epidemiology Studies mostly used 2determine effectiveness of prevention/treatment & Double blinds r used 2avoid bias
T
-
Wut r Nosocomial Infections?
Hospital acquired infections
-
Factors that determine which agent r responsible for nosocomial infections
- Length of exposure
- Manner of exposure
- Virulence & # of organism
- State of host defenses
-
Types of Antimicrobial drugs
- Antibiotics (synthesized/secreted by a tru organism)
- Semisynthetics (chemically altered for new character.)
- synthetics (lab made)
-
Features of Antimicrobial drugs
- Selective toxicity
- Antimicrobial Action
- Spectrum of Activity
- Tissue distrib. / metabolism / excresion
-
Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Selective Toxicity
Theraputic Index (High theraputic index = less toxic 2patient)
-
Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Antimicrobial Action
- Bacteriostatic drugs INHIBIT bacterial growth
- Bacteriocidal drugs KILL bacteris
-
Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Spectrum of Activity
- Narrow: targets limited range of bacteria (gram + or - )
- Broad: targets wide range of bacteria (gram + & - )
-
Features of Antimicrobial Drugs: Tissue distrib. / metabolism / excresion
Elimination expressed in halflife which dictates frequency of dosage
-
Synergistic combination
2 teatments work 2gether
-
Antagonistic combination
2treatments work against eachotha
-
Additive combinations
2treatments compliment eachother
-
T or F Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis have very high threaputic index
T
-
Wut does the inhibition of protien synthesis target?
Prokaryotic Ribosome
-
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis targets wut?
enzymes nessacary 4 DNA replication
-
Interference wit cell membrane integrity causes wut?
Chage in permiability which leads 2 leakage of cell components & cell death
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