Bacteria and Protists

• retains purple dye
• large amount of peptidoglycan in outer layer

• prokaryotic
• autotrophic
• possess chl a but no chloroplasts
• reproduce by binary fission and create a mucus sheath around them
• often form colonies
• can glide through medium
• have heterocysts
• ex: Anabaena

• unicellular autotrophs
• both sexual and asexual reproduction
• many form a resistant spore-like resting stage to survive harsh conditions
• ex: dinoflagellates, diatoms, chlorophyta, charophyta

• flagellates
• cause sleeping sickness
• live in blood and absorb nutrients directly across cell membranes (extracellular parasites)

used to expel water from freshwater species

lysosomes, which carry digestive enzymes, fuse with food vacuoles --> prey is digested --> digested molecules then diffuse out of the food vacuole and into the cytoplasm

• process by which the cell surrounds its prey with pseudopodia, which subsequently fuse together
• forms food vacuoles

• fluid, mobile cytoplasm
• converted into ectoplasm at teh tip of the pseudopodium, causing it to be anchored into place

peripheral rim of stim cytoplasm just under the cell membrane

• live in stressful environments of high temperature (thermophiles) or saltiness (halophiles)
• may live in anarobic environment
• archaea only ones with this ability

connected pair of bacteria

clusters of bacteria

long chains of bacteria

circular

gametes that are indistinguishable in form, size, or behavior from another gamete with which it fuses (ex: fungi nuclei)

corkscrew-shaped

elongated rods

• consists of:
• * cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
• * i.e. entire living portion of body

• sexual reproduction (ex: for Spirogyra)
• opposite mating types (+/-) meet
• contents of (-) straing travels through haploid filament tube and fuses with cytoplast of the (+) strain
• thus the protoplasts of each cell acts as an isogamete

• ex: Volvox, Spirogyra
• unicellular, colonial species
• contain chl a and b, store starch
• independent cells
• produce daughter colonies asexually
• eggs and flagellated sperm
• sexual life cycle: sperm fuses with egg --> diploid zygote --> enlarges and forms zygospore --> released when parent colongy disintegrates --> produce haploid cells inside zygospore that are released

• ex: diatoms
• possess chl a and various xanthophyll pigments
• "golden brown algae"
• hard outer cell wall made of silicon dioxide (glass) and calcium carbonates (often paired and overlapping walls)
• creates awesome shapes and colors

• ex: Ceratium
• cell wall made of overlapping plates of cellulose
• pair of dissimilar flagella; lie in perpendicular grooves
• causes red tides
• mixotrophic: autotropic and can obtain food by phagocytosis

• appears reddish
• little peptidoglycan layer
• additional outer membrane of phospholipids
• tend to be pathogenic; outer membrane can be toxic, prevents movement of antibiotics and defensive compounds

• sexual reproduction; exchange of genetic material
• different mating strains meet and temporarily fuse at oral groove
• diploid micronucleus undergoes mitotic and meiotic events --> cells eventually exchange haploid micronuclei --> inside each, 2 haploid micronuclei fuse --> cell undergoes cell division to produce daughter cells

• asexual reproduction
• seen in Paramecium, Amoeba, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, etc.
• nucleus undergoes mitosis, then cytoplasm splits

• move by ciliary action
• have pellicle - rigid outer covering of cell membrane; provides some support and protection
• oral groove leads to the cytosome ("mouth")
• some contractile vacuoles
• micro and macronuclei

insect host (ex) in which the parasite undergeos sexual reproduction, wich fertilization and meiosis, for a certain pathogen

human host (ex) in which the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction

• apical complex - group of organelles used to penetrate host cells
• parasites
• no known means of locomotion
• causes malaria
• intracellular parasite

• move by using pseudopodia
• many are parasites, predators, scavengers
• can form cysts that allow them to withstand times of drought

• two flagella - anterior one is larger
• form a unique type of starch (paramylon)
• stigma - eyespot, acts as a primitive eye that allows it to react minimally to environmental stimuli
• reproduce asexually by binary fission
• mixotrophic

• animal-like unicellular organisms
• eukaryotic ("true nucleus")

• based on differences in the structure and chemical composition of the cell walls
• can be gram + (retains purple dye) or gram - (does not retain purple dye, may appear more reddish)

specialized cells in which nitrogen fixation occurs

cluster of organisms descended from a single cell (thus are all genetically identical)

• "brown algae"
• multicellular
• autotrophs
• found in shallow marine habitats
• consist of tissues/organs that are analogous to similar structures in plants
• *thallus (large body)
• *holdfast (roots)
• *stipes (stems)
• *blades (leaves)
• *air bladder floats