36 Study Guide

The skeletal system (more than one answer may be correct):
A. supports tissues.
B. protects CNS structures.
C. binds organs together.
D. lines body cavities.
E. participates in blood cell formation.

Sialoprotein:
A. stabilizes the basement membrane of bones.
B. promotes calcification.
C. promotes resorption.
D. binds calcium.

Volkmann's canals
A. cavities where bone cells are housed
B. concentric rings
C. irregular meshwork
D. small canals that connect bone cells
E. contains blood vessels

Trabeculae
a. small canals that connect bone cells
b. concentric rings
c. cavities where bone cells are housed
d. contains blood vessels
e. irregular meshwork

Lamellae
a. small canals that connect bone cells
b. concentric rings
c. cavities where bone cells are housed
d. contains blood vessels
e. irregular meshwork

The diaphysis is the:
A. rounded end of long bones.
B. lattice framework of spongy bones.
C. surface of a synovial cavity.
D. shaft of long bones.

A function of the epiphyseal plate that is not a function of the articular cartilage is to:
A. enable articulation of bones.
B. enable bone to increase in length.
C. provide sensory nerves to bone.
D. repair damaged bone tissue.

The remodeling of bone is done by basic multicellular units that consist of bone precursor cells. Precursor cells:
A. differentiate into osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
B. are located on free surfaces of bone and along vascular channels.
C. Neither a nor b is correct.
D. Both a and b are correct.

Identify the sequence of bone healing in fractures and surgical injuries.
1. procallus formation
2. callus formation
3. hematoma formation
4. callus replacement with lamellar or trabecular bone
5. periosteum and endosteum remodeling
A. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
B. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
D. 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
E. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

Joints are classified functionally and structurally. Which is a proper functional and structural relationships?
A. synarthrosis/cartilaginous
B. amphiarthrosis/fibrous
C. diarthrosis/synovial
D. diarthrosis/fibrous
E. synarthrosis/synchondrosis

In older individuals, the bone remodeling cycle:
A. is faster becasue osteoclastic activity is enhanced.
B. is enhanced because mineralization increases.
C. has more precursor cells.
D. has fewer bone cells because the bone marrow becomes infiltrated with fat.
E. Both a and b are correct.

Which is not included in a motor unit?
A. upper motor neuron
B. muscle fibers
C. motor nerve axons
D. anterior horn cell

The perimysium is to a fasciculus as the:
A. myofibril is to a muscle fiber.
B. muscle is to epimysium.
C. epimysium is to the endomysium.
D. periosteum is to a bone.
E. muscle cell is to the endomysium.

Sarcomere
A. unit of contraction
B. flattened, tubelike network
C. tubules that run perpendicular to muscle myofibrils
D. membrane covering the muscle cell
E. calcium transport

Sarcolemma
a. membrane covering the muscle cell
b. flattened, tubelike network
c. unit of contraction
d. calcium transport
e. tubules that run perpendicular to muscle myofibrils

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
a. membrane covering the muscle cell
b. flattened, tubelike network
c. unit of contraction
d. calcium transport
e. tubules that run perpendicular to muscle myofibrils

Which is not a characteristic of type I muscle fibers?
A. slow contraction speed
B. profuse capillary supply
C. high resistance to fatigue
D. oxidative metabolism
E. sparse capillary supply

Which protein is found in the thick myofilaments?
A. actin
B. tropomyosin
C. troponin
D. myosin
E. a, c, and d are correct.

An important function of the transverse tubules is to:
A. initiate fiber contraction.
B. enable regeneration of muscle fibers.
C. provide organic nutrients to muscle fibers.
D. allow for intracellular calcium uptake.

The ion necessary for coupling is:
A. potassium.
B. calcium.
C. phosphate.
D. magnesium.
E. sodium.

Aerobic respiration:
A. yields more molecules of ATP than anaerobic respiration.
B. permits the body brief periods during which it does not require oxygen.
C. uses more glycogen to produce ATP than anaerobic respiration.
D. causes an increase in the amount of lactic acid.
E. leads to oxygen debt.

Repayment of oxygen debt:
A. converts lactic acid to glycogen.
B. replenishes ATP stores.
C. replenishes phosphocreatine stores.
D. Both b and c are correct.
E. a, b, and c are correct.

The strength of muscle contraction depends on the:
A. extent of the load.
B. initial length of muscle fibers.
C. recruitment of additional motor units.
D. nerve innervation ratios.
E. All of the above are correct.

Attempting to push an object that is too heavy to move is an example of a(n) ? contraction
A. tetanic
B. isotonic
C. isometric
D. flaccid
E. concentric

Which does not happen with muscle as individuals grow older?
A. Type II fibers may decrease.
B. Mitochondrial volume decreases.
C. The amount of RNA increases to compensate for decreased size of motor units.
D. All of the above occur with advancing age.