28 Study Guide

Which sequence of structures does urine pass through as it leaves the body?
1. ureter
2. renal pelvis
3. urinary bladder
4. major calyx
5. urethra
6. minor calyx
A. 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5
B. 6, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
C. 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5
D. 6, 4, 2, 5, 3, 1
E. 2, 6, 4, 5, 3, 1

The functional unit of the human kidney is the:
A. major calyx.
B. miner calyx.
C. nephron.
D. pyramid
E. collecting tubule (duct).

One unique feature of the renal blood circulation is that:
A. blood flows from venules into arterioles.
B. there are two sets of capillaries.
C. blood flows from arterioles into venules.
D. there is a double set of venules.

Which has the opposite effect on urine production from the others?
A. decreased solutes in blood
B. increased ambient temperature
C. dehydration
D. decreased blood pressure
E. reduced water consumption

The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by the:
A. autonomic nervous system.
B. renin-angiotensin system.
C. atrial natriuretic factor.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. Both a and b are correct.

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, what would be the net (effective) filtration pressure?
Glomerular blood hydrostatic = 80 mm Hg
Glomerular blood osmotic = 20 mm Hg
Capsular hydrostatic = 30 mm Hg
A. 40 mm Hg
B. 20 mm Hg
C. 10 mm Hg
D. 30 mm Hg

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they:
A. force filtrate from the blood.
B. lack endothelium.
C. have a larger area of anastomosis.
D. branch from and drain into arterioles.

Which is not a function of the kidney?
A. urine storage
B. water volume control
C. blood pressure control
D. conversion of vitamin D to an active form

Potassium is secreted by the ? and reabsorbed by the ?.
A. collecting ducts, loop of Henle
B. loop of Henle; collecting ducts
C. Bowman capsule; loop of Henle
D. proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule
E. distal convoluted tubule; proximal convoluted tubule

ADH causes water to:
A. diffuse into the ascending limb of the vasa recta.
B. return to the systemic circulation.
C. be reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.
D. Both a and b are correct.
E. a, b, and c are correct.

Water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters the:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. efferent arterioles.
C. glomerulus.
D. afferent arterioles.
E. vasa recta.

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of ? than the glomerular filtrate.
A. urea
B. protein
C. creatinine
D. sodium

An increase in water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collection duct is the result of:
A. a decrease in the production of ADH.
B. an increase in the production of ADH.
C. a decrease in blood plasma.
D. an increase in water content within tubular cells.
E. None of the above is correct.

The descending loop of the nephron allows:
A. sodium secretion.
B. hydrogen ion secretion.
C. potassium secretion.
D. water reabsorption.

Which most accurately describes the pressures affecting net glomerular filtration?
A. Blood osmotic opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood hydrostatic.
B. Blood hydrostatic opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic.
C. Capsular hydrostatic opposes blood osmotic and blood hydrostatic.
D. None of the above is correct.

Tubular secretion of urea is accomplished in the:
A. glomerulus.
B. urethra.
C. renal pelvis.
D. distal convoluted tubule.
E. None of the above is correct.

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that:
A. secretion is a passive process; reabsorption is an active transport process.
B. secretion adds material to the filtrate; reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
C. secretion adds materials to the blood; reabsorption removes materials from the blood.
D. reabsorption tends to increase urine volume; secreting tends to decrease urine volume.

The kidneys (more than one answer may be correct):
a. conserve H⁺.
b. conserve NH₄⁺.
c. eliminate H⁺.
d. eliminate NH₄⁺.
e. conserve

If a small person excretes about 1 liter of urine during a 24-hour period, estimate the total amount of glomerular filtrate formed.
A. 4 liters
B. 18 liters
C. 10 liters
D. 100 liters

Which should not appear in the glomerular filtrate (in an significant quantity) just after the process of glomerular filtration has been accomplished?
A. protein
B. urea
C. glucose
D. Both a and b are correct.

The loop of Henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to:
A. peritubulur capillaries.
B. efferent arterioles.
C. afferent arterioles.
D. renal arteries.

The two "currents" used in the countercurrent exchanges system are the:
A. afferent and efferent arterioles.
B. glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman) capsule.
C. ascending and descending limbs.
D. proximal and distal tubules.
E. All of the above are correct.

The countercurrent exchange system:
A. prevents water reabsorption from the collecting duct.
B. concentrates sodium in the renal cortex.
C. facilitates osmosis.
D. concentrates chloride in the renal cortex.
E. None of the above is correct.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF):
A. increases urine output.
B. is produced by the kidney.
C. increases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
D. decreases urine output.

A waste product of protein metabolism is:
A. urea.
B. trypsin.
C. pepsinogen.
D. amino acid.
e. urine