B. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
Hemoptysis
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
Cyanosis
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
Atelectasis
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
i. alveolar collapse
Bronchiectasis
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
d. abnormal dilation of brocnhi
Pneumoconiosis
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
Flail chest
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
f. fractured ribs or sternum
Pneumothorax
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
j. pleural space air
Abscess
a. inadequate alveolar ventilation
b. ventilation exceeding metabolic demand
c. coughing blood or blood secretions
d. abnormal dilation of bronchi
e. fibrous tissue or nodules in the lungs
f. fractured ribs or sternum
g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
h. decreased arterial oxygenation
i. alveolar collapse
j. pleural space air
k. pleural space pus
l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
m. circumscribed area of suppuration
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by:
C. decreased oxygen inspiration.
In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability is caused by:
E. a, b, and c are correct. (a. platelet-activating factor (PAF). b. oxygen free radicals. c. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)).
Type II pneumocyte damage causes:
D. decreased surfactant production.
Pulmonary edema may be caused by abnormal:
E. a, b, and c are correct. (a. capillary hydrostatic pressure. b. capillary oncotic pressure. c. capillary permeability.)
In bronchial asthma:
C. bronchial muscles relax.
Asthma is precipitated by which of the following inflammatory mediators? (More than one answer may be correct)
a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. leukotrienes
d. neutrophilic infiltration
a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. leukotrienes
d. neutrophilic infiltration
In emphysema:
E. None of the above is correct.
Chronic bronchitis (More than one answer may be correct):
a. is caused by lack of surfactant.
b. is caused by air pollutants.
c. exhibits a productive cough.
d. causes collapsed alveoli.
b. is caused by air pollutants.
c. exhibits a productive cough.
Which is inconsistent with pneumonia?
D. involves only interstitial lung tissue
Tuberculosis (More than one answer may be correct):
a. is caused by an aerobic bacillus.
b. may affect other organs.
c. involves a type III hypersensitivity.
d. antibodies may be detected by a skin test.
a. is caused by an aerobic bacillus.
b. may affect other organs.
d. antibodies may be detected by a skin test.
Pulmonary emboli usually (more than one answer may be correct):
a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma.
b. originate from thrombi in the legs.
c. occlude pulmonary vein branches.
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches.
a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma.
b. originate from thrombi in the legs.
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches
Pulmonary hypertension:
D. Bot a and c are correct. (a. occurs when left arterial pressure is elevated. c. shows right ventricular hypertrophy on an electrocardiogram.)
Cor pulmonale:
E. a, b, and c are correct. (a. occurs in response to long-standing pulmonary hypertension. b. is right heart failure. c. is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds. )
A lung cancer characterized by many anaplastic figures and the production of hormones is most likely:
D. small cell carcinoma
The metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma is:
