13 Study Guide

Basic perception of pain
A. nociceptive receptors
B. brainstem
C. postcentral gyrus
D. cortex
E. A fibers

Initiation of pain stimulus
a. nociceptive receptors
b. postcentral gyrus
c. brainstem
d. A fibers
e. cortex

Discrimination and precision given to painful stimulus
a. nociceptive receptors
b. postcentral gyrus
c. brainstem
d. A fibers
e. cortex

Endorphins:
A. may increase or decrease pain sensations.
B. have no effect on pain sensations.
C. increase pain sensations.
D. decrease pain sensations.

Referred pain from upper abdominal diseases involves:
A. T8, L1, and L2.
B. L2 to L4.
C. the gluteal regions, posterior thighs, and calves.
D. the sacral region.

In the gate control theory of pain:
A. a "closed gate" increases pain perception.
B. stimulation of large A fibers "closes the gate".
C. Both a and b are correct.
D. Neither a nor b is correct.

Which is not a neuromodulator of pain?
A. 5-hydroxytyptamine
B. lymphokines
C. heparin
D. norepinephrine
E. prostaglandins

Interleukin-1:
A. raises the hypothalamic set point.
B. is an endogenous pyrogen.
C. is stimulated by exogenous pyrogens.
D. None of the above is correct.
E. a, b, and c are correct.

Increased serum levels of epinephrine increase body temperature by:
A. increasing shivering.
B. increasing muscle tone.
C. decreasing basal metabolic rate.
D. increasing heat production.

In heatstroke:
A. core temperature usually does not exceed 101° F.
B. sodium loss follows sweating.
C. core temperature increases as the regulatory center fails.
D. Both b and c are correct.

Which is involved in fever?
A. tumor necrosis factor
B. endotoxins
C. elevation of the set point in the hypothalamus
D. Both a and b are correct
E. a, b, and c are correct

In hypothermia:
A. the viscosity of blood is decreased.
B. acidosis can develop.
C. the hypothalamic center prevents shivering.
D. All of the above are correct.

Although non-REM and REM sleep are defined by electrical recordings, they are characterized by physiologic events. Which does not occur?
A. During non-REM, cerebral blood flow to the cortex decreases.
B. Non-REM is initiated by withdrawal neurotransmitters from the reticular formation.
C. During non-REM, levels of corticosteroids increase.
D. During non-REM sleep, muscle tone decreases.

Ménière disease:
A. affects the outer ear.
B. disrupts both vestibular and hearing functions.
C. is the common cause of sensorineural hearing loss.
D. is caused by impacted cerumen.

Acute otitis media (AOM):
A. is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
B. has no genetic determinants.
C. displays a tympanic membrane progressing from erythema to opaqueness with bulging.
D. has breast-feeding as a risk factor.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD):
A. exhibits retinal detachment and loss of photo-receptors.
B. exhibits loss of accommodation.
C. has a higher incidence in hypotensive individuals.
D. occurs in individuals before the age of 60 years.

Vestibular nystagmus:
A. may be caused by alterations in nervous system from receptor to the cerebral cortex.
B. is the constant, involuntary movement of the eyeball caused by ear disturbances.
C. is the sensation of spinning.
D. causes a diminished sense of the position of body parts.

Sleep apnea:
A. is lack of breathing during sleep.
B. can result from airway obstruction during sleep.
C. is associated with jet-lag syndrome.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. Both a and b are correct.

Individuals affected by sleep apnea may experience:
A. polycythemia.
B. cyanosis.
C. pulmonary hypertension.
D. All of the above are correct.

Blepharitis
A. infection of the cornea
B. high intraocular pressures
C. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
D. inflammation of the eyelids
E. decreased taste sensation
F. weak muscle in one of the eyes
G. reduction of dimness of vision
H. elevated intraocular pressure
I. inflammation of the semicircular canals
J. complete loss of smell

Strabismus
a. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
b. infection of the cornea
c. weak muscle in one of the eyes
d. reduction of dimness of vision
e. inflammation of the eyelids
f. high intraocular pressures
g. elevated intraocular pressure
h. inflammation of the semicircular canals
i. decreased taste sensation
j. complete loss of smell

Anosmia
a. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
b. infection of the cornea
c. weak muscle in one of the eyes
d. reduction of dimness of vision
e. inflammation of the eyelids
f. high intraocular pressures
g. elevated intraocular pressure
h. inflammation of the semicircular canals
i. decreased taste sensation
j. complete loss of smell

Hypogeusia
a. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
b. infection of the cornea
c. weak muscle in one of the eyes
d. reduction of dimness of vision
e. inflammation of the eyelids
f. high intraocular pressures
g. elevated intraocular pressure
h. inflammation of the semicircular canals
i. decreased taste sensation
j. complete loss of smell

Vertigo
a. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
b. infection of the cornea
c. weak muscle in one of the eyes
d. reduction of dimness of vision
e. inflammation of the eyelids
f. high intraocular pressures
g. elevated intraocular pressure
h. inflammation of the semicircular canals
i. decreased taste sensation
j. complete loss of smell

Glaucoma
a. inflammation of mucous membrane covering the eyeball
b. infection of the cornea
c. weak muscle in one of the eyes
d. reduction of dimness of vision
e. inflammation of the eyelids
f. high intraocular pressures
g. elevated intraocular pressure
h. inflammation of the semicircular canals
i. decreased taste sensation
j. complete loss of smell