B. abnormal, proliferating cells possessing a higher degree of autonomy than normal cells
Anaplasia
a. variation in size, shape, and arrangement of cells
b. differentiation of dividing cells into cellular types not ordinarily found in a given area.
c. abnormal, proliferating cells possessing a higher degree of autonomy than normal cells
d. increase in absolute number cells
e. lack of cellular differentiation or specialization, primitive cells
f. cancer cells' independence from normal cellular controls
e. lack of cellular differentiation or specialization, primitive cells
Autonomy
a. variation in size, shape, and arrangement of cells
b. differentiation of dividing cells into cellular types not ordinarily found in a given area.
c. abnormal, proliferating cells possessing a higher degree of autonomy than normal cells
d. increase in absolute number cells
e. lack of cellular differentiation or specialization, primitive cells
f. cancer cells' independence from normal cellular controls
f. cancer cells' independence from normal cellular controls
Which characterize(s) cancer cells?
E. All of the above are correct.
Which is not a malignant tumor?
B. rhabdomyoma
Endocrine hormone secretion is increased in:
C. benign tumors.
Metastasis is:
C. the ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site.
Carcinoma in situ is:
E. Both a and b are correct. (a. preinvasive. b. a glandular or epithelial lesion.)
Stage 3 or C
B. cancer has spread to regional structures
Tumor markers
a. increased metabolite transport
b. cancer has spread to regional structures
c. unmasks mutations in recessive genes
d. methylation of DNA shuts off genes
e. "rounded-up" cells
f. substances produced by cancer cells
g. increased extracellular proteolysis
f. substances produced by cancer cells
Loss of heterozygosity
a. increased metabolite transport
b. cancer has spread to regional structures
c. unmasks mutations in recessive genes
d. methylation of DNA shuts off genes
e. "rounded-up" cells
f . substances produced by cancer cells
g. increased extracellular proteolysis
c. unmasks mutations in recessive genes
Silencing
a. increased metabolite transport
b. cancer has spread to regional structures
c. unmasks mutations in recessive genes
d. methylation of DNA shuts off genes
e. "rounded-up" cells
f. substances produced by cancer cells
g. increased extracellular proteolysis
d. methylation of DNA shuts off genes
Known routes of metastasis include:
E. a, b, and c are corret. (a. continuous extension. b. lymphatic spread. c. bloodstream dissemination.)
Tumor suppressor genes are:
C. genes that produce proteins that inhibit cellular division.
In the current theory of carcinogenesis:
E. Both b and d are correct. (b. several mutagenic "hits" are required. d. sequential genetic changes occur.)
Which is not involved in metastasis?
C. interference
Oncogenic viruses are:
E. All of the above are correct.
The p53 gene:
E. All of the above are correct.
Local invasive factors include all except:
C. increased cellular adhesion.
The sequence of carcinogenesis is:
C. viral infection, several mutagenic "hits" to DNA.
An adenoma is:
E. Both a and b are correct. (a. benign. b. a glandular epithelial neoplasm.)
AFP
F. hepatic, germ cells
CEA
a. multiple myeloma
b. retinoblastomas
c. hepatic, germ cells
d. GI, pancreas
e. Wilms tumor
f. prostate gland
d. GI, pancreas
Urinary Bence-Jones protein
a. multiple myeloma
b. retinoblastomas
c. hepatic, germ cells
d. GI, pancreas
e. Wilms tumor
f. prostate gland
a. multiple myeloma
PSA
a. multiple myeloma
b. retinoblastomas
c. hepatic, germ cells
d. GI, pancreas
e. Wilms tumor
f. prostate gland