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Nucleus Functions
Houses chromosomes. made ofchromatin (DNA. the geneticmaterial, and proteins); contains nucleoli. where ribosomal subunits are made Pores regulate entry and exit ofmaterials.
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Nucleus Structure
Surrounded by nuclear envelope(double membrane) perforated bynuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmшс retшсulum (ER).
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Ribosome
Two subunits made of ribosoma lRNA and proteins: can be free in cytosol or bound to ER
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Ribosome Functions
Protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic reticulum
htensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol: continuous with the nuclear envelope
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Rough ER Functions
- - Aids in synthesis ofsecretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes;
- - adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins:
- - produces new membrane
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Smooth ER Functions
- - synthesis oflipids, metabolism of carbohydrates.
- - Cal2+ storage,
- - detoxification of drugs and poisons
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Golgi apparatus
Stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity (cis and trans faces)
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Golgi apparatus
- Modification of proteins,
- carbo-hydrates on proteins. and phospholipids:
- synthesis of many polysaccharides:
- sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles
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lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)
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Lyzosome Functions
- Breakdown of ingested substances,
- cell macromolecules. and damaged organelles for recycling
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Vacuole
large membrane-bounded vesicle In plants
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Vacuole Functions
Digestion, storage. waste disposal.water balance, cell growth, and protection
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Mitochondrion
Bounded by double membrane;inner membrane has infoldings(cristae)
Functions: ATP producer
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Chloroplast
Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana (in plants)
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Peroxisome
Specialiled metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
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Peroxisome Functions
Contains enzymes that transferhydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide (H202) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome
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All Structures
nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondrion, centrosome,chloroplast, vacuole, lysosome, microtubule, cell wall, EeM,microfilament, Golgi apparatus, intermediate filament,plasma membrane, peroxisome, ribosome, nucleolus, nuclearpore, vesicle, flagellum, microvilli, plasmodesma
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