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What microorganisms are eukaryotes?
fungi, protozoa, helminths
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What needs an organisms to live in at the expense of?
parasite
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What is a host?
the organism which a parasite benefits from
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What are biting insects that transmits pathogens or parasites to humans?
biological vector
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What are some biological vectors and what do they commonly transmit?
- ticks - lyme disease
- misquitos - malaria
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What are yeasts and molds?
fungi
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Which fungi is unicellular and multicellular?
- yeasts - unicellular
- molds - multicellular
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How do fungus reproduce?
- yeasts - budding
- molds - spores
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Describe budding
yeast cell pushes copy of DNA outside the cell, considered a bud
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Describe mold spore reproduction
- mold cell branches
- spores produced and airbourne
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What is an opportunistic fungal disease?
mycoses
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What are 3 categories of mycoses?
- dermatomycoses/cutaneous mycoses
- subcutaneous
- systemic
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What is a cutaneous infection and how is it accumulated?
- is a skin, hair, nails fungal infection
- accumulated from prolonged exposure to infected damp surfaces and direct contact
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How do you treat ringworm?
with antifungal medicine
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What fungal infections are found under the skin?
subcutaneous mycoses
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How do you receive a subcutaneous mycoses?
puncture wound receives fungal spores
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What is treated with oral antifungal medication?
subcutaneous mycoses
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What is the most rare fungal infection and occurs throughout the body (via bloodstream)?
systemic mycoses
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How do you receive a systemic mycoses?
- inhalation of many fungal spores
- or low immunity to resist few fungal spores
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What happens in a systemic fungal infection?
- respiratory tract infection
- fungal spores get into bloodstream
- fungal spores travel to major organs
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Why is it hard to treat systemic mycoses?
Because the antifungal IV also kills many human cells as it fights fungal cells
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Who are at a higher risk of receiving a systemic mycoses?
- HIV/AIDS patients
- cancer patients
- antirejection medication patients
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What are the 5 clinically important fungi?
- penicillium
- aspergillus
- candida albicans
- histoplasma capulatum
- pneumocytis jirovecii
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Whay is penicillium clinically important?
penicillium makes the antibitoc Penicilin
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What two things does inhalation of aspergillus fungus cause?
- "farmers lung"
- aspergilosis
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What is the allergy that aspergillus causes and how can the symptoms be prevented?
- Farmers lung
- avoid dead grass, and wear a mask
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What is the fungal infection that aspergillus causes?
aspergilosis
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How is aspergilosis tested for and treated?
- tested by lung tissue biopsy
- treated with oral antifungal medication
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What fungus is normal flora, but excessive growth can cause fungal infection?
candida albicans
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What does excessive growth of candida in the vagina cause?
candida vaginitis "yeast infection"
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What would lead to exscessive growth of candida fungus in the vagina?
Antibiotics
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What is excessive growth of candida in the mouth?
thrush
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Who is affected by thrush and why?
- elderly - unclean dentures
- newborns - gather fungus when being born, nursing milk feeds fungus in mouth
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What is an overgrowth of candida on the skin called?
candidiasis - diaper rash
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What does candida need to grow?
- antibitoics - to remove competitors
- sugar
- moisture
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What is found in chicken and bat feces?
histoplasma capsulatum
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What is the strongest pathogenic fungus?
histoplasma capsulatum
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What does a histoplasmic infection (histoplasmosis) look like?
- begins as respiratory infection
- becomes systemic via blood stream
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How is histpolasmosis treated?
systemic infections treated with IV antifungal
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What is the weakest pathogenic fungus?
pneumocystis jirovecii
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What fungus causes a type of pneumonia?
pneumocystis jirovecii
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Although pneucystosis jirovecii is a veyr weak fungus pathogen, who might it affect?
low immune response patients (HIV/AIDS, elderly, alcoholics)
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What are the 6 clinically important protozoa?
- 1. Acanthamoeba species
- 2. Entamoeba histolytica
- 3. Giardia lamblia /Giardia intestinalis
- 4. Toxoplasma gondii
- 5. Trichomonas vaginalis
- 6. Plasmodium species
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What does an acantheameoba infection cause?
Keratitis
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What does an Entamoeba histolytica infection cause?
Amoebic Dysentery
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What does a Giardia lamblia/Giardia intestinalis infection cause?
Giardiasis
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What does a Toxoplasma gondii infection cause?
Toxoplasmosis
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What does a Trichomonas vaginalis infection cause?
Trichomoniasis
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What does a Plasmodium species infection cause?
Malaria
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What are the symptoms for Keratitis?
eye infection, inflammation of the cornea
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How does a person often get infected with Keratitis (Acanthamoeba)?
tends to occur in long wear contacts exposed to ameobas in the water
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What protozoa infects only humans?
Entamoeba histolytica
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How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
fecal-to-oral route
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What protozoan infection shows symptoms of bloody diarrhea?
Amoebic Dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica)
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What protozoa damagesthe tissues in the intestines by shredding them?
Entamoeba histolytica
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How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?
fecal to oral route
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What protozoan infection shows symptoms of fatty diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and cramps?
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
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What protozoan coats the intestines and blacks fat absorption?
Giardia lamblia
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What are 2 ways a person can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii protozoa?
- undercooked meat
- cat feces
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Why does Toxoplasma gondii infect people by cat feces?
the protozoa matures insides cats
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Why would a person not know they had been infected with Toxoplasma gondii and had Toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis shows the same mild symptoms as any stomach infection
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How do you treat Toxoplasmosis?
- usually the immune system turns Toxoplasma gondii into a dormant form
- active protozoa treated with antiprotozoan in people whos immune system depletes
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What happens to the fetus of preganant women who are exposed, for the first time, to Toxoplasma gondii?
fetus will die due to brain damage caused by the protozoa eating on brain tissue
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What protozoa is a STD?
Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
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What protozoa is transmitted by biological vectors?
Plasmodium species that causes Malaria
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What 2 ways can Malaria be transmitted?
- from one person who is infected to a biological vector to an uninfected person
- blood tranfusions & transplants
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Why are biological vectors needed to transmit malaria?
plasmodiums reproduce enough in the vector to cause disease
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Where do plasmodiums infect people most?
- liver (jaundice)
- red blood cells (anemia)
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What does a person with yellowed skin (due to failed liver), anemia, and spikes in fever possibly have?
malaria
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What pathogens can lie dormant until the immune system drops?
- plasmodium (Malaria)
- Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
- Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis)
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What kind of infection is a tapeworm?
intestinal infection
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What specie do tapeworms infect?
animals and people
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What do tapeworms use to attach to the intestines?
hooks and suckers
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What are the flat sections of a tapeworm?
egg sacs
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How are tapeworms transmitted?
- fecal to oral route
- undercooked meat
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What signs and symptoms would a person with a tapeworm have?
- weight loss
- constipation
- abdominal cramps
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What kind of meat is Trichinella spiralis often found in?
pork (pig)
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What kind of helminth becomes cystic in muscle tissue as a dormant form?
Trichinella spiralis
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What signs or symptoms would a person with Trichinosis exhibit?
- constipation
- abdominal pain
- muscle inflammation
- swelling of ocular muscles
- swelling of diaphragm - painful breathing
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