General Ecology

5 soil horizons

First soil Horizon

Seconds Soil Horizon

Third soil Horizon

Fourth Soil Horizon

Fifth Soil Horizon

SOil in tropical Rain forest (horizons)

Spatial Layers of water (3)

Littoral

Limnetic

Benthic region

Thermal layers of water (3)

Epilimnion

Metalimnion

Hypolimnion

Ice Scour Lakes (example)

Moraine Lake

kettle lake

amount of oxygen dissolved in water compared to air

Spacial ocaen Habitats (3)

intertidal zone

neritic zone

oceanic zone

Vertical oceanic zones (3)

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

CPOM
FPOM

Hardy-Weinburg Principal

5 models needed for HW-predictions to be true

4 Tenants of Natural selection

heritability

Microclimate

Types of heat transfer

Metabolic heat

Radiation

Conduction Heat

Covection heat

Evaporation

Endomtherms

Ectotherms

Plant most efficient in water use

C3 plants

C4 plants

CAM plants

C:N and C:P Ratio

Lowest nutritional quality food (limiting nutrient ratio)

Herbivores

Functional response pattern (type 1)

Functional response pattern (Type II)

Functional Response time (Type III)

Two important Names in Natural Selection

Directional Selection

stabilizing selection

Disruptive selection

1. Ecology is best defined as the scientific study of the relationships between _______________ and ________________.

An isosmotic condition is achieved, or nearly achieved, in

In a population of plants in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, yellow color is given by the genotype aa and red color is given by the genotype AA or Aa. If the frequency of the A allele is 0.7, how many red plants are expected in a population of 100 plants?

In this countercurrent exchanger in the fin of an aquatic mammal, the arrows show the direction of blood flow in each vessel (O and P). Given this information, the blood flowing through vessel O will be warmest at what location along the vessel?
Vessel O
Vessel P
_______________________________________  _____A_____B_____C______D______E_____ _______________________________________
 ____35____30____25____20_____15____

In addition to Darwin, ________________ is co-credited with discovery of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Grasshoppers grown in a hot environment tend to produce less body pigment. This is presumably an adaptation to modify heat gain by reducing:

Which of the following statements about climate is false? a. It can change quickly in areas like Minnesota where air temperature can vary by 50F in
24 hours.
b. It is a measure of average atmospheric conditions for a certain time of year. c. It is relatively easy to predict, year to year, for a certain latitude. d. It strongly determines biome distribution. e. It is influenced by proximity to oceans and mountains.

In which of the following photosynthetic pathways is carbon first fixed as a 4-carbon molecule? a. C3 b. C4
c. CAM
d. b and c
e. a and b

All of the following characteristics are associated with a desert biome except: a. succulent plants. b. animals commonly using evaporation as a means to reduce body temperature. c. little or no organic soil.
d. 30o N and S latitude. e. nocturnally active mammals

. Which of the following gradients commonly occurs in rivers from headwaters to outlet? a. Water temperatures decrease. b. In-river photosynthesis decreases. c. Fish composition shifts from warm-water to cool-water species.
d. Food shifts from mainly course to mainly fine particulate organic matter.
e. None of the above.

If the heritability of a trait is 40-50%, it means tha

All of the following characteristics are associated with a tropical rain forest biome except:
a. low species diversity.
b. wet all year. c. equatorial. d. buttressed tree trunks. e. abundant epiphytes.

. During summer stratification, aquatic organisms will find the coolest water in the

Solar input to the northern hemisphere is greater in summer than winter during each daylight hour mainly because:

The most productive blue ocean habitat is associated with the continental shelf in a region called the

Viscosity associated with hydrogen bonding and the boundary layer in aquatic habitats is most significant at hindering locomotion at low Reynolds numbers. This tends to be the case for organisms that are

Which of the following is not a tenet of natural selection? a. Organisms beget ‘like’ organisms (inheritance). b. Parents produce excess offspring. c. There is differential survival and reproduction in offspring. d. Individuals and populations evolve.
e. Inheritable variation is present among conspecifics.

Which of the following statements about reef-building corals is false? a. They create the reef rock. b. They require temperatures of about 5o to 10o C. c. They are symbioses between cnidarians and algae.
d. They photosynthesize and are thus limited to shallow depths. e. They generally live at latitudes between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn.

The maximum density of water is closest to _____ C and therefore ice floats, and most of the environment of a lake is liquid water and thus inhabitable by organisms in the winter.

22. Which of the following conditions must be satisfied in order for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to predict the correct distribution of genotypes among offspring? a. No natural selection. b. No genetic drift.
c. No immigration. d. Random mating. e. All of the above.

In the kargaroo rat which lives in very dry conditions, which of the following is not a feature of its biology. a. Uses subterranian burrows during the day to avoid excessive heat. b. Has extensive nasal passages to reabsorb water vapor in exhaled air.
c. Excretes watery urine and wet fecal material.
d. Is able to satisfy most of its water demand by oxidation of food. e. b and d.

Which of the following statements about soil is false? a. There are 5 basic horizons. b. Soil organics are rapidly decomposed by bacteria in a Tropical Rain Forest biome. c. R refers to bedrock. d. Soil is a mixture of living and nonliving materials. e. Organic content generally increases from shallow to deep

Ecology is best defined as the scientific study of the relationships between _______________ and ________________

An isosmotic condition is achieved, or nearly achieved, in

In addition to Darwin, ________________ is co-credited with discovery of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Grasshoppers grown in a hot environment tend to produce less body pigment. This is presumably an adaptation to modify heat gain by reducing

Which of the following statements about climate is false?
a. It can change quickly in areas like Minnesota where air temperature can vary by 50F in
24 hours.
b. It is a measure of average atmospheric conditions for a certain time of year. c. It is relatively easy to predict, year to year, for a certain latitude. d. It strongly determines biome distribution. e. It is influenced by proximity to oceans and mountains.

In which of the following photosynthetic pathways is carbon first fixed as a 4-carbon molecule? a. C3 b. C4
c. CAM
d. b and c
e. a and b

All of the following characteristics are associated with a desert biome except: a. succulent plants. b. animals commonly using evaporation as a means to reduce body temperature. c. little or no organic soil.
d. 30o N and S latitude. e. nocturnally active mammals.

Which of the following gradients commonly occurs in rivers from headwaters to outlet? a. Water temperatures decrease. b. In-river photosynthesis decreases. c. Fish composition shifts from warm-water to cool-water species.
d. Food shifts from mainly course to mainly fine particulate organic matter.
e. None of the above.

If the heritability of a trait is 40-50%, it means that:

All of the following characteristics are associated with a tropical rain forest biome except:
a. low species diversity.
b. wet all year. c. equatorial. d. buttressed tree trunks. e. abundant epiphytes.

During summer stratification, aquatic organisms will find the coolest water in the

Solar input to the northern hemisphere is greater in summer than winter during each daylight hour mainly because:

The most productive blue ocean habitat is associated with the continental shelf in a region called the:

Viscosity associated with hydrogen bonding and the boundary layer in aquatic habitats is most significant at hindering locomotion at low Reynolds numbers. This tends to be the case for organisms that are:

Which of the following is not a tenet of natural selection? a. Organisms beget ‘like’ organisms (inheritance). b. Parents produce excess offspring. c. There is differential survival and reproduction in offspring. d. Individuals and populations evolve.
e. Inheritable variation is present among conspecifics.

Which of the following statements about reef-building corals is false? a. They create the reef rock. b. They require temperatures of about 5o to 10o C. c. They are symbioses between cnidarians and algae.
d. They photosynthesize and are thus limited to shallow depths. e. They generally live at latitudes between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn.

The maximum density of water is closest to _____ C and therefore ice floats, and most of the environment of a lake is liquid water and thus inhabitable by organisms in the winter.

Which of the following conditions must be satisfied in order for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to predict the correct distribution of genotypes among offspring? a. No natural selection. b. No genetic drift.
c. No immigration. d. Random mating. e. All of the above.

In the kargaroo rat which lives in very dry conditions, which of the following is not a feature of its biology. a. Uses subterranian burrows during the day to avoid excessive heat. b. Has extensive nasal passages to reabsorb water vapor in exhaled air.
c. Excretes watery urine and wet fecal material.
d. Is able to satisfy most of its water demand by oxidation of food. e. b and d.

Which of the following statements about soil is false? a. There are 5 basic horizons. b. Soil organics are rapidly decomposed by bacteria in a Tropical Rain Forest biome. c. R refers to bedrock. d. Soil is a mixture of living and nonliving materials. e. Organic content generally increases from shallow to deep.

In a transplant experiment where you move several organisms of the same species to an area previously unoccupied, you find that the organisms survive. Which of the following conclusions is NOT reasonable?a. The organisms had previously chosen not to inhabit the area.
b. The organisms had been prevented by some sort of barrier from dispersing to the area. c. Not enough time had elapsed to permit the species to disperse to the area. d. Physical and chemical conditions in the area had prevented the organism from surviving. e. b and c

Which of the following is an example of aggressive mimicry?
a. Sabre-toothed blenny mimics coloration and behavior of a cleaner wrasse.
b. Tree hopper resembles thorns on the stem of a rosebush. c. Viceroy butterfly mimics the coloration pattern of the Monarch butterfly. d. Looper inchworm resembles a branch in coloration and rigidity. e. Butterfly fish has an eyespot on the tail that mimics its true eye

The annual growth rate of the human population on earth peaked in the _______, and has been decreasing ever since.

In the logistic growth model, the expression ((K-N)/K) represents

In the equation dNpred/dt = c*p*Nprey*Npred – d*Npred, the term c represents the

Lynx and hare densities in the boreal forest cycle on roughly a decadal time scale. What factor is most responsible for the peak density reached by hare during each cycle?

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. In crypsis mimicry, either an animal changes its color to fit the background or the animal searches for a background which matches its coloration. b. In crypsis mimicry, the adaptation of crypsis has to be a perfect match to the surroundings to afford any protection at all. c. Mimicry is reasonably defined as a situation where an organism pretends to be something else to deceive members of another species or its own species. d. Batesian mimicry is named after the English naturalist H.W. Bates who described the phenomenon. e. The bumblebee moth from North America is a good example of Batesian mimicry.

_____________ competitive ability, _______________ offspring, and ________________ development are generally associated with an r-selected life-history strategy.

Resources:

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equation, dN2/dt = r2N2

The winning species in a competitive interaction:

Within the first two years of the initial infection of Myxoma into the rabbit population in Australia, the death toll among rabbits declined, and the number of healthy rabbits began to rise because: a. natural selection lead to increased numbers of resistant rabbits. b. the virulence grade of Myxoma quickly declined from grade I to grades II, III and IV.
c. the mosquito vector declined in abundance.
d. a and b
e. b and c

Which of the following regarding K for humans on earth is FALSE? a. Estimates during the past couple of centuries have ranged from 1 billion to 1000 billion. b. There is probably no limit to K. c. It will likely depend in part on opportunities set by technology. d. It will likely depend in part on choices set by cultures and values. e. It will likely depend in part on constraints set by natural resources.

Examples of mimicry are known in which a species has evolved to resemble another species’: a. sound. b. physical appearance. c. behavior.
d. scent.
e. all of the above

Which of the following associations is CORRECT? a. Catch per unit effort fish data : Estimate of absolute density. b. Pelt record counts as with lynx and hare in Canada a century ago : Estimate of absolute density. c. Hawk Ridge bird count data : Estimate of relative density. d. Quadrat sampling data : Estimate of relative density. e. None of the above is correct.

In regions of the world where the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) and its associated mosquito vector are common, the regional incidence of sickle-cell anemia:

According to the video that you watched entitled “Race to Save the Planet”, early attempts at sedentary lifestyles:a. were always successful. b. lead to increased birth rates per female.
c. were prompted by climate changes that reduced precipitation.
d. b and c
e. a, b and c

In the basic model of population growth (Nfuture = Npresent + B – D + I – E), the terms B
and E represen

The four main factors responsible for a population’s distribution include all of the following EXCEPT: a. physical and chemical factors. b. behavior.
c. other species.
d. birth rates.
e. dispersal.

The capture-recapture method of density estimation is well suited for:

Parasitism is best defined as an interaction between species where:

The carrying capacity of a population is: a. the same from one habitat to the next. b. set by environmental limits. c. the maximum sustainable N of a population. d. a and b
e. b and c