a force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit is a _____________
bond
the energy required to break a bond is called the ______________
bond energy
Na+ Cl- (sodium chloride) is an example of ___________, which is a bonding of oppositely charged ions (i.e. metals with non-metals)
ionic bonding
ionic substances are formed when an atom that loses electrons relatively easily reacts with an atom that has a high affinity for electrons is called an ____
ionic compound
The type of bonding where electrons are shared by nuclei in the space between is called ___________ (H-H)
covalent bonding
A type of bonding where the electrons cannot be shared equally but cannot be removed is __________ (H+ -- F-)
polar covalent bonding
the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself is called ___________________ (Fr =0.7, F=4.0)
electronegativity
a molecule that has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to have a _____________ (H--F)
dipole moment
Atoms in stable compounds will almost always have a ___________ electron configuration. (i.e. All outer orbitals are full!)
noble gas
The ______________ is a representation of a molecule that shows how the cadence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule
Lewis Structure
Hydrogen forms stable molecules where it shares two electrons. that is, it is following a ________ rule
duet
Period 2 non-metals (O, N, F, etc) are stable when they have enough electrons to fill out the outer orbitals (2s, 2p); they follow the _______ rule
octet (need 8 electrons. 2s=2 + 2p=6 = 8)
The pair of electrons shared with another molecule are called ________ pairs, while the other pairs of electrons that aren't shared are called lone/unshared pairs.
bonding
a __________ bond involves two atoms sharing one electron pair. A _________ bond involves two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons
single; double (also triple bonds)
a molecule shows __________ when more than one Lewis structure can be drawn for the molecule.
resonance; this is called a resonance structure
the 3-d arrangement of the atoms in a molecule are called ___________
molecular structures
some molecules form a ___________, where all atoms are in a line. (180 degree bond)
linear structure
a molecular structure where all 4 atoms are in the same plane with 120 degree bond angles is called a ____________
trigonal planar (flat) structure
a bent or "v shaped" bond describes the structure of a molecule. this is called the __________
bond angle
a type of molecular structure, a ______ has four identical triangular faces along the bond angles.
tetrahedral structure / tetrahedron
a model used in predicting the molecular structure (in nonmetals): the structure around around a given atom is determined by minimizing repulsions between electron pairs. (bond & nonbonding pairs of electrons are positioned as far apart as possible)
VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) model
molecular structure where one side is different from the other 3 sides is called a _____________