PWS2

Make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients and an environmental energy source

Must feed on organic matter for energy

Photosynthetic green plants, Photosynthetic bacteria, Chemosynthetic bacteria

use chlorophyll to absorb light energy

use purple pigment to absorb light energy

use high-energy inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide

Primary consumers/ herbivores, Omnivores, Secondary consumers/ carnivores, higher orders of consumers/ carnivores, parasites

animals that feed exclusively on plants

animasl that feed on both plants and animals

animals that feed on primary consumers

animals that feed on other carnivores

Plants or animals that become associated with another plant or animal and feed on it over an extended period of time

Scavengers, Detritus feeders, Chemical decomposers

eat larger dead things, may also eat living things some of the time

organisms that feed directly on detritus

fungi and bacteria that cause rotting

Moisture is generally the overriding factor determining the type of biome that may be supported in a region

Deserts, Grasslands/ Praries, Tropical Rain Forests, Temperate Forests, Coniferous Forest, Tundra

lakes/ ponds, streams/ rivers, inland wetlands, Estuaries, coastal Ocean, Open Ocean

a feeding level defined with respect to teh primary source of energy

Green plants are at the first trophic level, primary consumers at second, secondary consumers at the third, and so on. as piomass pyrmaid suggests when energy flows from one trophic level to the next, only a small fraction is actually passed on.

• Much of the preceding Trophic level is biomass that is not consumed by herbivores
• much of what is consumed is used as energy to fuel the heterotroph's cells and tissues
• some of what is consumed is undigested and passed through the organism as waste.
• as it passes through the food web it is consumed more and more till it is gone

Organisms that use light energy to construct their organic constituents from inorganic compounds

organisms that derive the energy from feeding on other organisms or their products

an organism that feeds more/ less exclusively on green plants or their products, such as seeds and nuts

an organism that feeds more/ less exclusively on other animals that feed on plants

the tendency of ecosystems to recover from disturbances

the gradual or sometimes rapid change in species that occupy a given area, with some species invading and becoming more numerous, while others decline in population and disappear, succession is caused by a change in one or more abiotic or biotic factors that benefit some species at the expense of others

Fire does more good than harm

Federal Gov. working to keep lands in Natural state

over 20,000, 1/3, 67%

• existence benfits some other entity.
• value to humans = anthropocentric

value as a living being/ value for its own sake

• it is important because diversity is essential for natural goods and services. i.e. diverse forests and coral reefs are buffers against costal storms and floods, they provide food and materials for medicines, contain unique genes, interaction effects many species
• decline is due to habitat destruction (converting ladn for differnet uses, fragmenting it and creating dangerous edges, simplifying the habitat to benefit production of one or a few species), invasive species (introducing a non-native population with no preditors)pollution, overpopulation, and overexploitation

The concept that naturla ecosystmes with all their species serve as a repository of genes that may be drawn upon to imporve domestic plants and animals and to develop new medicines, among other uses.

• practicing sustainable forest managment
• designating forest area for conservation
• establishign plantations of trees for wood or other products: cacao, rubber, etc
• setting aside extractive reserves that yield nontimber goods: latex, nuts, etc
• Preserving forests as part of a national heritage and putting them to use as tourist attractions
• putting forests under the control of indigenous farmers- they tend to exercise stewardship in a sustainable way

the management of a resource in such a way as to assure that it will continue to provide maximum benefit to humasn over the long run. Energy: saving energy by cutting back on the use of heating, air conditioning, transportation and so on and also by increasing the efficiency of energy use.

in protectin gnatural areas,the objective of preservation is to ensure the continuity of species and ecosystems, regardless of their potential utility

the rate of growth of a population, as a precentage. Multiplied by the existing population this rate gives the net yearly increase (or decrease, if negative) for the population

the averagenumber of children each woman has over her lifetime, expresssed as a rate based on fertility occuring during a particular year

A fertility rate that will only replace a woman and her partner, theoretically 2.0, but adjusted slightly higher because of mortality and failure to reproduce

the number of infant deaths per thousand live births

a bar graph plotting numbers of males and females for successive ages in the population, starting with the youngest at the bottom

the effect of current age structure on future population growth. Young populations will contineu growing even after replacement level fertility has been reached, due to reproduction by already exxisting age groups

the number of live births per thousand in a population in a given year

The number of death per thousand in population in a given year

the shift from high death rates to low death rates in a populatino as a result of modern medical and sanitary developments

the decrease of birthrates from high levels to low levels in population

the tendency of a population to shift from high birth and death rates to low. as a result of the epidemiologic and fertility transitions, the result is a population that grows very slow, if at all.

• J- continual upward increase population boom
• S- population boom than tapper off

because of larger populations and higher birthrates, devloping countries represent an ever growin share of the world's population. this trend is expected to continue

eastern, western, and centrla africa, india and other central asian countries, and a fewer former soviet block countries

Population growth rate, toatl fertility rate, infant mortality, literacy, environment, nutrition, and populaiton profile

the pattern of change in birthrates in a human society from higher rates to low, a major component of teh demogrpahic transition

the transition fo a human population from a condition fo a high birthrate/death rate to a condition fo low birth/ death rate a demographic trnasition may result from economic or social development

Neolithic, Industrial, Medical, Green, and Environmental

the level of agriculture began by human societies around 12,000 years ago leading to more permanent settlement and population increases

dudring 19th century the development of manufacturing processes using fossil fuels and based on application fo scientific knowledge mass production from the utilization fo raw materials

Medical advantages and public sanitation led to spectacular reductions in mortality, beginning in late 1800s and extending to the present

Use of pesticides, new irrigation techniques, fertilizer usage increase crop yields, industrialized agriculture

in teh view of some, a coming change in the adaption of humans to the rising deterioraiton of the environment, the Environmental Revolution shoujdl bring about sustainable interactions with the environment

but South Korea has about 3 times the growth rate due to better education and literacy

that children often die from very common ailments in 3rd world countries

cancer and cardiovascular disease

• security in old age
• infant and childhood mortality
• helping hadns
• status of women
• avaiablilty of contraceptives

miscarriages and stillbirths accounts for another 15%