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Scientists thought that all matter was composed of?
Earth, Air, Fire, Water
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"Atom" means ....
Indivisible
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John Dalton?
Classified atoms by atomic mass ... Hooke and Eye Theory
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Dmitri Mendeleev?
Created 1st periodic table ... Arranged atoms by increasing mass
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J.J. Thomson Atom?
Plum pudding theory ... Plum = (-) Pudding = (+)
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Ernest Rutherford?
Nuclear theory... Nucleus is in center and positive
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Niels Bohr?
Atom is a mini solar system
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3 fundamental particles, their charges and weights?
- Proton (+) 1.673 x 10^-27 kg
- Neutron (nuetral) 1.675 x 10^-27 kg
- Electron (-) 9.1 x 10^-31 kg
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Electron binding energy is strongest in which shell?
Innermost
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Name all the shells starting with innermost...
K L M N O P
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The shell number of an atom is called?
Principle Quantum Number (n)
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The maximum number of electrons in a shell is determined by the formula...
2n^2
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An atom is stable when there are ___ electrons in the outer shell.
8 (octet)
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Protons and nuetrons have smaller sub-n7clear structures called ____ held together by ____.
Quarks / Gluons
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The # of electrons in the outter shell is = to it's ____ + ____ on the periodic table. This number also determines the ____ of an atom
Group and period ... Valence
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Atomic # =
(Z) / # of protons (lower number)
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Atomic Mass = ?
(A) / # of protons and nuetrons (upper number)
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4 atomic configurations and differences?
- Isotope - Same atomic #, different mass
- Isobar - Different atomic #, same mass
- Isomer - Same atomic #, same mass
- Isotone - Same # nuetrons, different # protons
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Difference between molecule and compound?
- M - 2 or more atoms join
- C - A molecule w/ 2 different elements
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What was formerly used for external beam radiotherapy?
Cobalt-60
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What was used for beta therapy and was a strong gamma emitter?
Iodine-131
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What are the 2 types of bonds and their differences?
- Covalent - Outter orbital electrons shared
- Ionic - Electrons gained or removed completely...can lose or gain a (-) charge
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Radioactive atoms are called...
Radionuclides
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What is radioactive decay?
A nucleus emitting particles or disentegrating in an attempt to become stable
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Sources of radioisotopes?
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Radioisotopes decay by?
Alpha or beta emission
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Explain alpha/betta emission...
- A...
- -more violent
- -2 Protons and 2 Nuetrons joined together
- -Loses 2 units of (+) charge and 4 units of mass
- B...
- -More common than Alpha
- -Electron particle ejected
- -Atomic # incr. by 1
- -Nuetron converts into a proton
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2 types of ionizing radiation?
- Particulate
- Electromagnetic
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Speed of light = ?
3 x 10^8 m/s
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The only difference between xrays and gamma rays is their? Explain
- Origin.
- Xrays - produced outside nucleus in E Shells
- Gamma - produced from nucleus of radioisotope
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Half life formula?
Quantity x (1/2) ^ (# of cycles)
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Define electromagnetic energy
Form of energy emitted from an object in the form of electronic or magnetic waves traveling through space
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3 other names for a photon?
- -Atom of light
- -Quantum
- -Small bundle of energy
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Who demonstrated visible light has electronic and magnetic properties?
James Clerk Maxwell
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What are the electromagnetic energy properties?
- -Amplitude
- -Frequency
- -Velocity
- -Wavelength
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Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from?
10 to 10^24 Hz
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Photon wavelengths range from?
10^7 to 10^-16
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Wavelength and Frequency are ____ proportional.
Inversely
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When a photon changes course this is called?
Refraction
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White light is refracted because?
It is composed of photons w/ different wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm.
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2 types of invisible light
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What is infrared light?
-Photons w/ wavelengths longer than visible light, but shorter than microwaves (radiant heat)
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What is UV light?
In emission spectrum between visible light and ionizing radiation...
Responsible for molecular interactions that cause sunburns
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Facts about RF
Large section is used by EMS
Low energy / Long wavelengths
Ham Radio --> 10m or 30m wavelengths
A.M. Radio --> 100m wavelengths
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Higher energy produces ____ frequencies and ____ wavelengths...
Higher / Shorter
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3 Radiologically important regions?
- 1.) Visible Light
- 2.) Xrays
- 3.) RF
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Types of light and xray absorption?
- Light - Transmission, attenuation, absorption
- Xray - Radiolucent, Radiopaque
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Photon energy is ____ proportional to photon frequency?
Directly
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Quantum theory formula?
E=hf
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1 Joule = ?
6.24 x 10^18 eV
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What is pair production?
The conversion of energy into mass
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