Chapter 20, Urinary System

What are the major functions of the urinary system?

What makes up the urinary system?

Located on either side of the vertebral column, high in the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, retroperitoneal

Which kidney is higher and why?

Space behind parietal peritoneum

3 Tisssue layers that cover kidneys

What is the innermost fibrous tissue layer that covers the kidney?

What is the middle tissue layer that covers the kidney?

What is the outermost tissue layer that covers the kidney and serves to anchor the kidney to surrounding tissues?

12 cm long, 6cm wide, 3 cm thick, about 5 oz. in weight, reddish brown bean shaped organ

Enterance to the renal sinus, point where ureter leaves kidney, and blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves communicate with kidney

Indentation in the medial border

What will be found in the renal sinus?

Superior end of ureter, recieving area for urine

Funnel-shaped sac

What are the 2 kidney regions?

Reddish outer region of kidney, contacts the renal capsule, appears granule due to arrangements of tiny tubules associated with nephrons

Continuations of the renal cortex that are separated by renal pyramids

Kidney's inner region composed of 5-18 conical tissue masses called renal pyramids

The _____ of the renal pyramid is directed toward the renal cortex

The _____ of the renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus

Apexes form the ________ of the pyramids

Renal papillae project into _______

Monor calyx converge and form _____

Major calyx merge to form the _______, the expanded portion of the ureter

Formed in the kidneys to remove metabolic waste from the blood

Hormone produced in the kidney to stimulate RBC production

Proteolytic enzyme-hormone that is produced in kidney and stimulates formation of vascoconstrictor Angiotensin

How does the kidney help regulate absorption of calcium ions?

Which artery supplies the kidney with blood?

Where does the renal artery arise from?

Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?

Large diameters, conveys blood to the glomerulus of a nephron

network of blood capillaries, site of filtration, only found in the renal cortex

Blood leaves the glomerular capillaries and enters ______(smaller in diameter)

Efferent arteioles branch into a capillary network called ____________

Blood flow through the peritubular system is under ______ pressure

Network of capillaries that surround various portions of the renal tubule

Portion of the peritubular system that dips into the renal medulla and back, supplies the loop of Henle, and is associated with Juxtamedullary nephrons

Single vein that exits kidney at hilum and empties into inferior ven cava

Functional unit of the kidney

A single nephron is consists of a ______ and a ______

Where would the glomerulus and bowman's capsule be found?

Double layered cup at the end of a renal tubule that recieves fluid filtered in the glomerulus

What are the layers of squamos epithelial cells that compose the inner and outer layer of the bowman's capsule?

Which layer of the bowman's capsule directly covers the glomerulus and is composed of podocytes?

Highly modified epithelial cells with little feet

Secondary processes of podocytes that embrace capillaries of the glomerulus

Narrow spaces that lie between pedicals

Can the pedicals from one podocyte embrace more than one glomerular capillary?

Renal tubule continues from ______

Sequnce of strucures in the renal tubule

Located in renal cortex, lined with simple cubodial or columnar epithelium, contains microvilli, large cells, quite coiled

Thick then thin descending limbs(similar to PCT) that penetrate into pyramids of the renal medulla

thin ascending and then thick ascending limbs(similar to DCT)

Thin limbs of the loop of henle are composed of _______

Thick limbs of the loop of henle are composed of ___________

Terms that refer to the height of the epithelium of the nephron loop

Located in the Renal cortex, coiled but shorter than PCT, lined with cuboidal epithelium, NO microvilli,smaller cells with large lumens

Part of collection system that empties urine into minor calyox through renal papilae, straight tubule joined by several merging DCT

Consists of juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

Located at the point of contact between DCT and afferent and efferent artireioles of its parent nephron

Cells of macula densa are sensitive to what ion content of tubular fluid?

Modified wall segment of DCT where cells become columnar

What cells produce renin?

Renin is secreted whenever the B/P in the afferent arterioles ______

Cells found in the tunica media of the afferent arteriole near attachment to glomerulus

What are the 2 types of nephrons found in the kidney?

Which nephrons are more numerous, with short loop of henle that dont' reach the medulla

Which nephrons have their renal corpuscules located in the renal cortex, near the kidney surface?

Which nephrons have their renal corpuscules near the medulla, long loops of henle, and are important in concentrating urine?

Removes waste from the blood and regulate water and electrolyte concentrations

openings in the glomerular capillaries that make them more permeable

water, ions, and dissolved materials are filtered out of glomerular capillary and into glomerular capsule

Glomerular filtration is mostly due to ______

What 2 forces oppose the filtration

Opposing filtratin source(during glomerular filtration) that is due to the presence of proteins, creates a drawing force, causing water returns to plasma of glomerular capillaries

Would colloid osmotic pressure occur in the bowman's capsule?

Opposing filtratin source(during glomerular filtration) that is due to the resistance of the water and solutes to flow into the capsule due to fluid already being present

An increase in either of the opposing forces during glomerular filtration would _____ filtration

Fluid received by the bowman's capsule, similar to tissue fluid, lacks proteins

Kidneys produce _____ ml of glomeular fluid per minute and ______ L per day

Glomerular filtration rate is proportionate to

Vascoconstriction of an effernet arteriole would ______ glomerular hydrostatic pressure, which would increase GFR

How is filtration rate regulated in the kidneys?

Filtration rate is influenced by the ______ nervous system

If blood pressure and volume decrease the SNS would ______ the afferent arterioles, which would _____ GFR, therby ______ urine formation

If there were excess body fluids in the system the SNS would cause _____ of the afferent arterioles, which would ____ GFR, therby _____ urine output

Where is renin secreted?

Renin is released in response to stimulation from SNS and renal _____(in the afferent arterioles) when B/P _____

When sodium, potassium, and chloride ions are low in the tubular fluid the ____ _____ will also stimulate the release of renin

Renin splits ______ to create _______

What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II? Where is this enzyme concentrated?

Most potent vasoconstictor of the body?

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of ______ from the ____ _____

aldosterone release:
______ sodium reabsorption
______ urine output
_____ Blood volume and B/P

What hormone will be released from the atria when it is streached due to high blood volume and B/P?

inhibits release of renin and aldosterone, helps return B/P to normal

What portion of the nephron is effected by the release of aldosterone?

Where does most reabsorption happen on the nephron?