Chapter 29

Thin layer of pearly white cartilage the surrounds the ends of bones at the joint.

An incomplete dislocation of a joint.

Is a stretching or tearing of the muscle, causing pain, swelling, and bruising of the soft tissues in the area.

Is an injury to ligaments, articular capsule synovial membrane, and tendons crossing the joint.

• 1. Direct blows
• 2. Indirect forces
• 3. Twisting forces
• 4. High-energy injury

• 1. Greenstick
• 2. Comminuted
• 3. Pathologic
• 4. Epiphyseal
• 5. Oblique
• 6. Transverse
• 7. Spiral
• 8. Incomplete

• 1. Pain
• 2. Paralysis
• 3. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling)
• 4. Pulselessness
• 5. Palor (pale or delayed capillary refill in children)
• 6. Pressure

When there is an obvious injury of the knee, ankle, foot, or lower leg.