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________________ are evolved in a way that works for a particular species
life histories
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Define random spacing
There is no predictable pattern of distribution of individuals, they are as likely to be in any one place as any other.
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There is no predictable pattern of distribution of individuals, they are as likely to be in any one place as any other.
Define random spacing
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Define clumped and aggregated grouped
groups tend to be found together
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A/An _________ flat
pinoak
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A/An _________ bluff
pine
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A/An _________ glade
cedar
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A/An _________ field
corn
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In a broader sense, clumps may be distributed ___________ or in a _____________.
randomly, pattern
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In reguards to spacing/grouping, ______________ is even spacing between individuals.
even or uniform
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Give some examples of even or uniform spacing..
honeycomb, breeding sunfishes
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List four causes of clumped spacing patterns
- 1] Habitat patchiness
- 2] Mode of reproduction
- 3] Mode for foraging
- 4] Defense
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List three things that could cause habitat patchiness
- 1] Distribution of moisture
- 2] Distribution of food
- 3] Distribution of cover
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Modes of reproduction that can cause clumped spacing patterns
- vegetative reproduction by underground stems
- dispersal radius of seeds
- gathering to find mates ( leks, mayfly swarms)
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How can the mode of foraging effect spacing patterns?
hunt together
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How can an organisms defensive strategy effect spacing patterns?
flacks of birds see danger, musk oxen form rings, "selfish herd" - groups to let the other guy get eaten while you hide in the masses
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Territoriality of birds and the release of toxins by plants is a form of __________________. This causes _______ distribution.
competitive interaction, even
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Attributes of spacing often are due the _______________ in animals.
social system
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Define society...
a group of individuals of the same species orgainized in a cooperative manner.
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What is society based on?
communication (visual, auditory, chemical)
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Define society
a group of individuals of the same species organized in a cooperative manner
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What is society based on?
communication
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What could be a disadvantage to society (a group of individuals of the same species)?
attraction of predators, transmission of disease, social stress, local food shortage
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What could be an advantage to society ( a group of individuals of the same species)?
Protection from predators, increase foraging effeiciency, allogrooming
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In reguards to a society, how can protection from predators be provided via 'confusion'?
hard for a predator to decide which one to chase
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In reguards to a society, how can protection from predators be provided via 'physical defense'?
ants, wasps, etc. can attack en masse
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Descirbe what the statment 'selfish herd' means?
- individuals in the middle are most safe
- bird nest in the middle of a colony are safer from predators
- fishes in a school dart inward, safer individuals constantly change as the school rolls inward
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In reguards to a society, how can one increase foraging efficiency? 5 things.
- One could spend more time feeding, less watching so can feed better in groups ex: birds
- predators stand a better chance of flushing prey
- learn to act like other in group (called....?)
- information transfer
- hunting strategy
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Define social facilitation
- learn to act like others in the group
- if one individual discovers a more efficient means to do something, others can pick up on it
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The choice between being social or territorial may depend on __________________.
distribution of resources
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In making the choice between being social or territorial, list examples of how one may be preferred over the other.
- Social-if resources are patchy you can't defend your share so be social and search for the patches together
- Territorial-if resources are evenly distributed, being territorial may work best
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Define eusociality
obligatory social behavior with precise roles for different members
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What are some characteristics of eusociality?
cooperative rearing of young, fairly permanent colony (i.e., offspring mostly remain cooperatively associated with parents), dibision of labor (e.g., sterile and reproductive castes)
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The special genetic system of a typical eusociality type society is __________.
haplodiploidy
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In a eusociality type society, the female (queen) mates during a ___________ to store sperm.
Nuptial flight
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In the special genetic system, haplodiploidy, fertilized egges produce __________ and unfertilized egges produce ________.
females (workers), males
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In the special genetic system, haplodiploidy, females are _________ and males are _________.
diploid, haploid
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