Pharmocotherapy.txt

Any chemical substance ingested or applied on the body for the purpose of affecting body function is referred to as a

Sources of Drugs.

Example, Trade Name and classification of Plant.

Example, Trade Name & classification of Mineral.

Example, Trade Name & classification of Animal.

Example, Trade Name & classification of synthetic.

Example, Trade Name & classification of DNA.

application of computer technology, stats & math to study info about structure, properties & activities of molecules.

alteration of genes done in lab setting.

reaches widespread areas of the body.

limited to the area of body where administered.

passage of substance through membrane into the bloodstream.

moving from bloodstream into the tissues & fluids of body.

physical & chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in body.

eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from body.

variables that affect the speed & efficiency of drugs being processed

action of 2 drugs working together where 1 helps the other for an effect neither could produce alone.

action of 2 drugs where 1 prolongs or multiplies effect of other.

opposing action of 2 drugs where 1 decreases or cancels out effect of the other drug.

smallest dose of drug that will produce therapeutic effect.

largest amount of drug that will produce desired effect w/o producing symptoms of toxicity.

initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level of drug in blood.

dose required to keep drug blood level at a steadyt state in order to maintain desired effect.

amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning.

dose that causes death.

dose that is customarily given adjusted according to variations from the norm.

effect from maternal drug admin that causes development of physical defects in fetus.

unique, unusual, & unexpected response to a drug.

opposite effect from that expected.

decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given.

acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug is discontinued.

immune response(allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees.

severe, possibly fatal, allergic response.

provides a constant, even flow of a drug over a long period of time.

any route not involving the GI tract, including injection, topical & inhalation.

disk of compressed drug.

tablet w/special coating that resists disintegration by gastric juices.

drug contained w/i a gelatin-type container.

capsule containing drug particles that have various coatings that differ in the amount of time required before the coatings dissolve.

tablet containing palatable flavoring, indicated for a local effect on throat or mouth.

liquid form of med. that must be shaken well before admin. because drug particles settle at bottom.

liquid drug prepartion that contains oils & fats in water.

liquid drug forms w/alcohol base.

sweetened, flavored liquid drug form.

liquid drug form in which the drug is totally & evenly dissolved.

drug suspended in a substance, such as cocoa butter, that melts at body temp.

drug suspended in solution to be admin. as an enema.

drug suspended or dissolved in a sterile vehicle.

dry particles of drugs, powder itself cannot be injected, must be mixed.

injected directly into vein, immediate absorption.

small volume of drug injected into a peripheral saline lock attached to a vein.

large volume of fluids, often w/drugs added, that infuses continually into a vein.

drug diluted in moderate volume of fluid for intermittent infusion at specified intervals, 2 bags through IV to dilute.

injected into fatty layer of tissue below skin by positioning needle & syringe at a 45 degree angle.

injected just beneath the skin, by positioning needle bevel up & syringe at a 15 degree angle from skin.

injected into a catheter that has been placed by an anesthesiologist in epidural space of spinal canal.

less common parenteral routes, physican admin only.

injected directly into marrow of long bones.

drugs injected directly into heart's ventricles.

injected into the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

injected into the capsule of a joint.

semisolid prep. containing a drug for external application.

liquid prep. applied externally for treatment of skin disorders.

prep. for external use that is rubbed on skin as a counterirritant.

drugs in sterile liquids to be applied by drops.

sterile semisolid prep. often antibiotic in nature, for ophthalmic use only.

medicated cream that are to be inserted vaginally w/ the use of a special applicator.

sterile solution used to irrigate vaginal canal.

tablet that is absorbed via the buccal mucosa in the mouth.

tablet that is absorbed via the mucosa under the tongue.

small glass container that holds a single dose of sterile solution for injection, must be broken at neck to obtain solution.

glass container sealed at top by a rubber stopper.

3 most common disposable syringes for parenteral admin.

historically, these were the primary source of drugs, and bark, berries, leaves, resin from trees & roots are still important drug sources.

iron, sulfar, potassium, silver and gold are examples of ___ used to prepare drugs.

when introduced into the body, all drugs cause cellular changes or drug actions that are followed by physiological changes called.

medications contraindicated for lactating mothers have the ability to pass through the ___ into the breast milk of the mother.

when drug compounds are produced from artificial rather than natural substances, the sources are called.

drugs of a slightly acidic nature are absorbed well within the acidic ___ mucosa.

drugs of an alkaline pH are absorbed better through the alkaline environment of the.

can be used to make a drug for the treatment of growth disorders.

this recent investigational drug was used to slow the progression of dementia in some patients w/alzheimers disease & has been recalled because it produces liver toxicity.

an investigational drug develeped in the 90's that has been used to treat many different malignancies and the management of AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma.

new combination drug for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure and high cholestrol.

route of drug admin that is the easiest, but the effects are slower because of the time required for disintegration of drugs in the alimentary canal before absorption.

fastest route of drug admin because drugs enter the blood stream immediately.

route of drug admin w/immediate effects can be quite dangerous if given in amounts recommended for other routes.

getting an accurate drug history & clearly listing of ____ is a critical function of the health practitioner.

dibucaine ointment applied rectally, reducing hemorrhoidal pain.

movement of meds from the blood stream into the tissues & fluids of the body.

an affinity or attraction of a drug to a specific organ or cells.

a patient w/hepatic disease may exhibit toxic effects of a drug due to altered metabolism because the drug is not.

the goal of drug therapy is to give just enough of the drug to cause this effect.

if patients circulation & renal function are inadequate after admin of digoxin, which cumulative effect is produced.

when are placebos most often used in health care.

sedatives & barbiturates given in combination, resulting in depression of the central nervous system.

physician's choice of a particular route of medication admin has the greatest significance for.

persons who have had an anaphylactic reaction to a substance should always.

treatment for anaphylactic reaction may include CPR and.

T/F substances low in lipid solubility are absorbed best when given by a means other than the GI tract.
True False

T/F oral elixar meds admin to infants are always absorbed better if given w/ or just after formula.
True False

T/F if a fast drug effect is desired an empty stomach will facilitate quicker absorption.
True False

T/F during biotransformation in the liver a drug is broken down & altered to more water soluble by products so that it may be more easily excreted by kidneys.
True False

T/F digoxin is a cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its cumulative effect called digoxin toxicity.
True False

T/F metabolism & excretion are more rapid in older adults & therefor attention must be paid to possible cumulative effects.
True False

T/F many drug dosages are calculated on the basis of the patients weight.
True False

T/F there are few individual variations in sensitivity to drugs.
True False

T/F attention must be paid to the variable of gender when admin meds because the rate of fat per by mass differs in men & women.
True False

T/F an example of a desirable antagonism is a narcotic antagonist that saves lives from drug overdose by canceling out the effecct of narcotics.
True False

T/F the intramuscular route is the best route for emergencies because of speed of action.
True False

T/F inhalation route of drug admin is often more effective & easier for patient.
True False

tuberculin skin tests are admin through which route.

what drug form is designed to deliver a dose of drug over an extended period of time.

only physicians can administer meds by this type of parenteral route.

oral route of admin is the route of choice of most patients because.

small volume of drug injected through a syringe & needle into a peripheral saline lock.

# that represents the diameter of the needle lumen & ranges from 18 to 27 is called.

2nd fastest route of drug admin.