BIOL 1544

A plant organ that functions in anchorage and absorption

A plant axis with leaves or enations

A flattened, usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on a stem.

Plant structure that contains reproductive organs and associated tissues

A region of undifferentiated cells in which new cells arise

A meristem at the tip of a shoot or root

The primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis

Meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis stele (e.g., cortex, pith)

A primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem

A tissue produced by an apical meristem (e.g., epidermis, cortex, primary sylem and phloem, pith)

region in a plant that produces tissue that increases the girth of roots and stems

a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots

a meristem producing secondary tissues

a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; it produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior

region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

thin-walled cells varying in size, shape, and function; the most common type of plant cell

tissue composed of parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts

tissue composed of cells with unevenly thickened walls

tissue composed of lignified cells with thick walls; the tissue functions primarily in strengthening and support

the tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; it consists of several cell types

one of usually very numerous cylindrical "tubes" whose cells have lost their cytoplasm; occur in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few other vascular plants

a single cell of a vessel

a xylem cell that is tapered at the ends and has thick walls containing pits

a more or less round or elliptical thin area in a cell wall; occur in pairs opposite each other, with or without shallow, domelike borders

thickened region of the pit membrane

radially oriented tiers of parenchyma cells that conduct food, water, and other materials laterally in the stems and roots of woody plants; they are generally continuous across the vascular cambium between the xylem and the phloem

the food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant

a single cell of a sieve tube

a column of sieve tube members arranged end to end; food is conducted from cell to cell through sieve plates

an area of the wall of a sieve tube member that contains several to many perforations that permit cytoplasmic connctions between similar adjacent cells, the cytoplasmic strands being larger than plasmodesmata

a specialized cell derived form the same parent cell as the closely assocaited sieve tube member immediately adjacent to it (in angiosperm phloem)

the exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems and roots, and other parts of plants

an aerial root with a multilayered epidermis believed to function in retarding moisture loss

the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed

a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells

a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the sporophytes of hornworts; it is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its opening and closing and thus regulate gas exchange and transpiration

one of a pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma

a small body of variable shape and size that may secrete certain substances but that also may be functionless

tissue composed of cells whose walls are impregnated with suberin at maturity; the outer layer of tissue of an older woody stem; produced by the cork cambium

a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells

one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; they permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere

cell or tissue producing a substance or substances that are moved outside the cells

an immature sporophyte that develops from a zygote within an ovule or archegonium after fertilization

the part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root

a thimble-shaped mass of cells at the tip of a growing root; functions primarily in protection

a colorless, starch-forming plastid found in roots and involved in gravity perception

area of actively dividing cells at an apical meristem

the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis

area near an apical meristem in which cells grow in length and width

area of maturing cells near an apical meristem

a delicate protuberance that is part of an epidermal cell of a root; occur in a zone behind the growing tip

area of cells in a root in which protuberances of epidermal cells can be found

a primary tissue composed mainly of parenchyma; the tissue usally extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue

a single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue (stele) in roots and some stems; the cells have Casparian strips

a band of suberin around the radial and transverse walls of an endodermal cell

a thin-walled cell of an endodermis

a core of tissues, including xylem and phloem, that lies to the inside of the endodermis

tissue sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem of a root; often only one or two cells wide in transverse section; the site of origin of lateral roots

said of buds developing in internodes or on roots, or of roots developing along stems or on leaves

spongy root extending above the surface of the water, produced by a plant growing in water; facilitate oxygen absorption

root formed above ground

a protuberance of a fungal hypha or plant organ such as a root that functions as a penetrating and absorbing structure

a symbiotic assocaition between fungal hyphae and a plant root

a small swelling associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that invade the roots of leguminous plants and alders

water that is chemicaly bound to soil particles and therefore unavailable to plants

water that drains out of the pore spaces of a soil after a rain

water held in the soil against the force of gravity

a stem region between nodes

the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed

the stalk of a leaf

the angle formed between a tig and the petiole of a leaf; normally the site of an axillary bud (also called lateral bud)

one of a pair of appendages of varying size, shape, and texture present at the base of the leaves of some plants

shedding leaves annually

a small scar left by a vascular bundle within a leaf scar when the leaf separates from its stem through abscision

the parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma cells surrounding a vascular bundle

the suberin-covered scar left on a twig when a leaf separates from it through abscission

an organ or structure (e.g., leaf, bud) at its earliest stage of development

central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consists of parenchyma cells that become proportionately less of the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the organ's girth

a parenchyma-filled interruption in a stem's cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above the point at which a branch of vascular tisue (leaf trace) leading to a leaf occurs

thumbnail-shaped opening in the cylinder of vascular tissue

a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots

tissue produced to the inside of the cork cambium

an embryo leaf ("seed leaf") that usually either stores or absorbs food

a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons

a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon

a plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single growing season

nonliving, usually darker-colored wood whose cells have ceased to function in water conduction

outer layers of wood that transport water and minerals in a tree trunk; usually lighter in color than heartwood

an underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but that has definite nodes and internodes

specialized cells or ducts resembling vessels; they form branched networks of latex-secreting cells in the phloem and other parts of plants

a stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes

a stem that grows vertically below the surface of the ground; it typically has relatively long internodes

a swollen, fleshy underground stem (e.g., white potato)

an underground food-storage organ that is essentially a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem

a vertically oriented, thickened food-storage stem that is usually enveloped by a few papery, nonfunctional leaves

a flattened stem that resembles a leaf

a slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing

a portion of the base of a branch enclosed within wood

without petiole or pedicel; attached directly by the base

a leaf with the blade undivided into leaflets

a leaf whose blade is divided into distinct leaflets

having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis (e.g., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached

having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point

the axis of a pinnately compound leaf or frond extending between the lowermost leaflets or pinnae and the terminal leaflet or pinna (corresponds with the midrib of a simple leaf)

loss of water in vapor form; most takes place through the stomata

the exudation from leaves of water in liquid form due to root pressure

placed at different heights or distance from one another, as leaves can be arranged on a stem

placed at same heights or distance from one another, as leaves can be arranged on a stem

having three or more leaves or other structures at a node

the central (main) vein of a pinnately veined leaf or leaflet

primary region of vascular tissue, usually spanning and the center of a leaf

parenchma (chlorenchyma) tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf

mesophyll having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchym ccells beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf

mesophyll haiving loosely arranged cells and numerous air spaces; it is generally confined to the lower part of the interior of a leaf just above the lower epidermis

a relatively strong, sharp-pointed, woody structure usually located on a stem; it is usually a modified leaf or stipule

a pointed outgrowth from an epidermis or cortex beneath the epidermis

a structure that is usally leaflike and modified in size, shape, or color

the separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits from plants after the formation of an abscission zone at the base of their petioles, peducles, and pedicels

the stalk of a solitary flower or the main stalk of an inflorescence

The individual stalk of a flower that is part of an inflorescence

the commonly expanded tip of a peducle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower are attached

a unit of the calyx that frequently resembles a reduced leaf; often function in protecting the unopened flower bud

collective term for the sepals of a flower

collective term for the petals of a flower

the calyx and corolla of a flower

a pollen-producing structure of a flower; it consists of an anther and usually also a filament

a female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma

a structure derived from the microspore of seed plants that develops into a male gametophyte

the pollen receptive area of a pistil

the structure that connects a stigma and an ovary

a collective term for a group of flowers attached to a common axis in a specific arrangement

the outermost layer of a fruit wall

the innermost layer of a fruit wall

the middle region of the fruit wall that lies between the exocarp and the endocarp

collective term for all the layers of a fruit wall

a fruit that develops from a single pistil

a simple fleshy fruit whose single seed is enclosed within a hard endocarp

a thin-skinned fruit that usually develops from a compound ovary and commonly contains more than one seed

a simply fleshy fruit whose flesh is derived primarily from the receptacle

a dry fruit that splits along one side only

a dry fruit that splits along two "seams," the seeds being attached along the edges

a dry fruit that splits along two "seams," with the seeds borne on a central partition

a dry fruit that splits in various ways at maturity, often along or between carpel margins; also the main part of a sporophyte in which different types of tissues develop

a single-seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to the pericarp only at its base

a dry fruit in which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed; it does not split at maturity

a dry fruit whose pericarp extends around the seed in the form of a wing

a twin fruit unique to the Parsley Family

a fruit derived from a single flower having several to many pistils

a fruit derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence