KIN 2509 Ch 6

the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of the male urinary & reproductive systems and the female urinary system

physicians that specialize in urology

• a substance that, when dissolved in water, can conduct an electric current
• presence in the human body is essential to survival
• major function of the urinary system - maintain proper balance of electrolytes
• Ex: sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium

a substance, usually a protein, that affects the rate of chemical changes

vascular tissue that becomes erect or rigid when filled with blood, such as the clitoris, penis, or nipples

the fluid that has been passed through a filter

• a mature male or female reproductive cell
• the spermatozoon or ovum

• primary reproductive organs
• testes of the male
• ovaries of the female

• a relative constancy or equilibrium in the internal environment of the body
• naturally maintained by adaptive response that promote a healthy survival

electrically charged particles

• to pass through the substance or mass of
• to penetrate and spread through, as water will permeate through blotting paper

a naturally occuring androgenic hormone formed in greatest quantities by the testes

male gonads or testicles

composed of or pertaining to a blood vessel

• narrowing of the blood vessels
• decrease in the caliber of blood vessels

to empty or evacuate, such as urine from the bladder

genitals + urinary organs

to regulate the volume and composition of fluids in the body & remove waste products from the blood

• kidneys
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra
• urine leaves the body

• glomerular filtration
• tubular reabsorption
• tubular secretion

glomerulus

kidney

kidney

renal pelvis

bladder

bladder

a severe kidney disease in which glomerular function of blood filtration is lost as fibrous scar tissue replaces the glomeruli

tumor of the kidney

pertaining to the kidney

incision to remove renal calculi from the pelvis of the kidney

an instrument for examining and treating lesions of the urinary bladder, ureter, and kidney

pertaining to the urinary bladder and vagina

opening, meatus

trigone (triangular region at base of the bladder)

ureter

urethra

urinary tract, urine

incision to enlarge a meatus

inflammation of the trigone

cystlike dilation or swelling of the ureter near its opening into the bladder

pain in the urethra

process of recording x-ray images of the urinary tract (kidneys, ureter, or bladder) after introduction of a contrast medium

albumin (protein)

nitrogenous

potassium (an electrolyte)

ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

resembling albumin

an increase in nitrogenous compounds in the urine, especially urea in the urine

an abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood

• abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies
• also known as ketoacidosis because of the accumulation of acids in the tissues and blood

ketone bodies in the urine

urine, urinary tract

urine, urinary tract

excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood

a device for determining the specific gravity of urine

without, not

through, across

bad, painful, difficult

excessive, above normal

under, below

many, much

above, excessive

absence of urine formation

the process of removing toxic materials from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so

difficult or painful urination, symptomatic of numerous conditions

excessive amount of potassium in the blood

excretion of abnormally small quantities of nitrogenous compounds in the urine

excessive secretion and discharge of urine

located above the kidneys

male

• producing a male
• a substance producing or stimulating the development of male characteristics (masculinization) such as the hormones testosterone and androsterone

glans penis

gonads, sex glands

testes

testes

testes

testes

prostate gland

sperm

sperm

vessel, vas deferens, duct

plastic surgery of the glans penis to correct a congenital defect or to serve an aesthetic purpose

any disease of the sexual glands

inflammation of one or both of the testes

surgical fixation of an undescended testicle by implanting it into the scrotum

excision of one or more testicles

one of the pair of male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone

enlargement of the prostate

destruction of sperm

temporary or permanent deficiency in the number of spermatozoa in the semen

a procedure for male sterilization involving the bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens

without, not

without, not

around

near, beside, beyond

failure to form semen or ejaculate

congenital absence of one or both testicles

removal of the end of the prepuce of the penis

an abnormal condition characterized by an inability to replace the foreskin in its normal position after it has been retracted behind the glans penis

• muzzle
• restrains & has a tightening effect

• a malignant neoplasm of the kidney
• AKA renal cell carcinoma

complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys

retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood

blockage of the bladder outlet

abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine

• painful or difficult urination
• common symptom of cystitis and other urinary tract conditions

• the final phase of a kidney disease process
• disease had advanced to the point that the kidneys no longer can adequately filter the blood

• involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established (~5 yrs)
• AKA bedwetting at night or nocturnal enuresis

renal disease characterized by bilateral inflammatory changes in the glomeruli that are not the result of infection of the kidneys

blood in the urine

distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of a kidney caused by a urinary tract obstruction

nephritis associated with pathological changes in the renal interstitial tissue that may be primary or due to a toxic agent such as a drug or chemical

a condition characterized by the presence of kidney stones, also called renal calculi, in which there are degenerative changes in the kidneys

excessive urination at night

diminished or scanty urination in relation to fluid intake

a hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts

• excessive thirst
• a sign of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus

a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and renal medulla of one or both kidneys

the presence of white blood cells in the urine

high blood pressure resulting from a kidney disease

a sudden compelling urge to urinate

intermittent or complete absence of ability to control the release of urine from the bladder

rapidly developing, malignant kidney tumor that usually occurs in children

congenital absence of one or both testes

inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis

a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate due to excessive growth or prostatic tissue

failure of testicles to descend into the scrotum

acute or chronic inflammation of the epididymis

a congenital (birth) defect in which the urethra opens up on the upper side of the penis, near the glans penis, instead of at the tip

an accumulation of fluid in any saclike cavity or duct, particularly the scrotal sac or along the spermatic cord

a congenital defect in which the male urethra opens up on the undersurface of the penis instead of at the tip

the inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection

stenosis of preputial orifice in which the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis

a malignant neoplasm of the prostate tissue, creating pressure on the upper part of the urethra

any condition of the prostate gland that interferes with the flow of urine from the bladder

a contagious disease aquired by sexual intercourse or genital contact

an infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

a wart of the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

an infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

an infection of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)

an infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue

an infection of the vagina, urethra, or prostate caused by the bacterium Trichomonas vaginalis

swollen, enlarged, herniated veins near the testis

procedure in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization and important information of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

• kidneys, ureters, bladder
• a radiograph obtained without the use of a contrast medium that illustrates the size, shape, and location of the kidneys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic region

examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes, using x-rays, with the record of the findings usually impressed upon a photographic film

an imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape

procedure in which a contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters, using small-caliber catheters

a method of producing an image or photograph of an organ or tissue using sound waves

radiography of the bladder and urethra after the introduction of a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine

insertion of a catheter (a hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove a fluid

visual examination of the urinary bladder by inserting a cystoscope into the urethra

insertion of a finger into the male rectum to palpate (use fingers to examine) the rectum and prostate

obtaining renal tissue for analysis by use of a needle inserted through the skin

a test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) normally excreted by the kidneys into the blood

test that measures the level of creatine (a waster product) in the blood

blood test to screen for prostate cancer

• a physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of the urine
• the voided urine specimen is tests for color, odor, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, casts, and pus

surgical removal of the foreskin or the prepuce of the penis

removal of a kidney stone from the bladder by crushing it and then extracting the particles via irrigation

surgical implantation of a kidney from a compatible donor into a recipient

a procedure for eliminating a calculus in the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder

• a noninvasive procedure to break up kidney stones
• the shock waves are focused on the stones, disintegrating them and permitting their passage in the urine

use of a device to hold open vessels, tubes, or an obstructed ureter

removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens, also called ductus deferens

process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in cases of impaired kidney function or absence of the kidneys

a medion of providing the function of the kidneys by circulating tubes made of semipermeable membranes

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity is used as the dialyzing membrane

drugs that relieve pain without affecting consciousness

drugs that combat bacterial infection and have the ability to inhibit or kill foreign organisms within the body

oral antibiotics used to treat UTIs because these drugs exert a systemic effect

special urinary tract antibiotics used to treat UTIs

drugs that relieve spasms and act to relax the smooth muscle in the wall of the urethra, bladder, and intestine, allowing normal urination

substances that increase the rate of secretion

supplements used concurrently with many diuretics to counteract the potassium-depletion effect

substances used to treat UTIs

substances that inhibit stone formation by reducing urine acidity

substances used to treat gout because they increase urinary excretion of uric acid

substances that suppress gonadotropic and testicular androgenic hormones in men

hormonal preparations used to raise sperm count in infertility cases

substances used to destroy sperm and are often used within the woman's vagina for contraception

acute glomerular nephritis

acute renal failure

bladder neck obstruction

• benign prostatic hyperplasia
• benign prostatic hypertrophy

blood urea nitrogen

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

catheterization, catheter

chronic renal failure

cystoscopy

digital rectal examination

• erectile dysfunction
• emergency department

end-stage renal disease

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

excretory urogram (same as IVP)

genitourinary

glomerular filtration rate

hemodialysis

intravenous pyelogram (same as EU)

intravenous urography

potassium (an electrolyte)

kidneys, ureters, bladder

sodium (an electrolyte)

phenylketonuria

symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity

as needed, as required

prostate-specific antigen

retrograde pyelogram

specific gravity

sexually transmitted disease

transurethral resection of prostate (for prostatectomy)

urinalysis

ultrasound

urinary tract infection

voiding cystourethrogram/cystourography

Venereal Disease Research Laboratories