exam1.txt

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

• The skin
• Has lots of nerves, cooling and warming system

Brain and spinal cord, everything to control you

Hormone system (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

Cerebral spinal fluid (white blood cells)

Cuts in/on skin

Road burn and such

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
• Bursa

Rigidly joined (no movement)

Limited motion, plate of hyline cartilage or fibrocartilaginous

• Covered with hyline carilage
• Lubricated with synovial fluid
• Enclosed in a capsule
• i.e. knee and shoulder

Pockets that soften joints

Head, ribs and hip--everything in the middle

Arms and legs--all appendages

• Cervical (7)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5)

Hunched back, pronounced curve at the top of spine

An S curve along the sagital plane

Curve at the bottom of spine, makes the butt pronounced

Slouching, head pushed forward

No curves

Superior spine juts backwards

• Axial load
• Flexion
• Hyperextension
• Rotation and flexion
• Rotation and hyperextension
• Lateral flexion

Ligament that holds the Atlas and Axis together

Bone that pokes out of the spinal vertebrae along the transverse plane

Bone that pokes out of the spinal vertebrae dorsally

• Located in the lumbar region within the pelvic bone. Multiple vertebrae fused together. Coccyx at the tip
• Example of SI (sacroiliac) joint

Similar to lordosis, occurs in lower spine naturally

Similar to kyphosis, occurs naturally in upper spine

• Must have full range of motion
• Strengthen neck with isometric contractions
• Athletes should learn the correct technique of tackle

• Cause: axial load with some cervical flexion, rotation can dislocate
• Signs: neck point tenderness, cervical muscle spasm, restricted motion
• Care: treat like an unconscious athlete

• Cause: result of violent flexion and rotation of the head
• Signs: pain, numbness, weakness or paralysis
• Care: extreme care to be use�can cause spinal cord injury

• Cause: sudden turn of the head, forced flexion, extension or rotation
• Signs: localized pain and point tenderness
• Care: RICE and application of cervical collar

• Whiplash
• Cause: snapping of the head and neck
• Care: rest and ice

Strengthening without motion

Strengthening with motion

• Cause: sleeping on stomach, pain on one side of neck
• Signs: restricted ROM and tenderness
• Care: gradual strengthening, heat and cold treatments

• Pinched Nerve
• Cause: result of stretching or compression of brachial plexus
• Signs: burning sensation, numbness, and tingling
• Care: strengthening and stretching program, padding to reduce ROM during impact

• 1. degeneration of the vertebrae due to congenital weakness, stress fracture
• 2. slipping of a vertebrae above or below another, associated with spodylolisis.
• Signs:pain and persistent aching, low back stiffness with increased pain after activity, need to change position or pop back
• Care: bracing and reduced motion for 2-3 days, strengthening for control and stabilization, core strengthening

• Performed to determine presence of life threatening condition: airway, breathing, circulation, shock and severe bleeding
• Used to correct life threatening condition
• 911 called

• Life threatening condition ruled out, gather specific information about injury
• Assess vital signs and perform more detailed evaluation of conditions

Dark red with continuous flow

Exudes from tissue and is reddish

Flows in spurts and is bright red

Direct pressure, elevation, and pressure points

• Signs: moist, pale, cold skin; weak rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, shallow breathing, irritability or excitement, thirst
• Care: maintain core temp, elevate feet, keep athlete calm, limit onlookers, reassure athlete

• Determine injury severity and transportation from field
• Use logical process to evaluate trauma extent
• Know mechanism of injury and major signs and symptoms are critical

• Performed by athletic trainer or physician once removed from site of injury
• 4 segments: history, observation, physical examination, special tests

• Protection
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation

• Inability of athlete to recall events since injury
• Anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma

Loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma

• Cause: direct blow, acceleration and deceleration of forces producing shaking of brain
• Signs: altered levels of consciousness, headaches, tinnitus, nausea, irritability, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, amnesia
• Tests: palpation neck and skull, neurologic exam, eye function, balance test, coordination, cognitive
• Care: any loss of consciousness-ATC removes from play, objective measures should be used to determine readiness to play, cervical spine injury suspected

• Cause: condition that occurs following a concussion
• Signs: persistent headaches, impaired memory, lack of concentration, anxiety and irritability, fatigue, depression
• Care: return athlete to play when all symptoms are gone

• Cause: rapid swelling and herniation of brain after second head injury, impact can be minimal but damage large, disrupts autoregulatory system leading to swelling, increasing intracranial pressure
• Signs: athlete looks stunned, within 15s condition degrades rapidly, dilated pupils, loss of eye movement, LOC leading to coma, respiratory failure
• Care: life-threatening injury that must be addressed within 5min. with life saving measures performed at an emergency facility

• Cause: blow to the head or skull fracture which tear meningeal arteries, blood pressure and accumulation and creation of hematoma occur rapidly.
• Signs: LOC followed by period of lucidity, showing few signs and symptoms of serious injury, gradual progression of signs and symptoms: dizziness, head pains, nausea, dilation of one pupil, convulsion
• Care: requires urgent neurological surgery, must relieve pressure, CT scan

• Cause: result of acceleration or deceleration of forces that tear vessels that bridge duramater and brain, venous bleeding
• Signs: LOC, dilation of one pupil, headaches, dizziness, nausea and sleepiness
• Care: immediate medical attention, CT and MRI

Memory and sensory impulses

Skeletal and muscle movement

Degenerative brain disease that results in behaviors similar to Alzheimer's disease, clear environmental cause not genetic, preventable form of dementia

• Greenstick
• Transverse
• Oblique
• Spiral
• Linear
• Comminuted

Incomplete break that usually occurs in the convex bone surface

Occur in a straight line at 90 degrees to the bone shaft

Similar to spiral, occur when sudden twisting or torsion occurs while the other end is stable

Has an S shaped separation, are common in football and skiing, occur when the foot is planted and the body rotates. Cleaner break than oblique

The bone splits along its length

Consists of three or more fragments at the fracture site

Caused by overuse or chronic stress to the bone

• Grade 1: stretching and separation of the ligamentous fibers may occur
• Grade 2: some tearing and separation
• Grade 3: complete tear

• Strain to tendons
• Grade 1: some muscle fibers have been stretched or torn
• Grade 2: a number of muscle fibers have been torn
• Grade 3: a complete rupture of the muscle tendon from the bone or where the muscle becomes a tendon