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Biological molecules consist primarily of carbon bonded to
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
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functional groups
gives the molecule its "job"
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organic molecules contain
carbon
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Name some of the functional groups
- hydroxyl group
- carboxyl group
- carbonyl group
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Hydrocarbons
molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
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- Hydroxyl group
-

-

-C=O
- Carbonyl group

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-COOH
- Carboxyl

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- amino group

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What is a polymer?
It is a Giant molecule of living matter made up of monomers, a single subunit.
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What is an extremely biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and complexes of these?
Macromolecules
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Organic molecules having the same structural formula can exist indifferent forms called
isomers
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Name of part of biological molecule
polymer
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What are the four major biological macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
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- 1. Cellular Structure - chromosome
- 2. Polymer- DNA Strand
- 3. Monomer- Nucleotide
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Label Parts 1-3
- 1. Cellular Stucture- Intermediate filament
- 2. Polymer- Polypeptide
- 3. Monomer- Amino Acid
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Label parts 1-3
- 1. Cellular Structure- starch grains in a chloroplast
- 2. Polymer- Starch
- 3. Monomer- Monosaccharide
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Label parts 1-3
- 1. Cellular Structure- dipose cell with fat droplets
- 2. Polymer- Triglyceride
- 3. Monomer- Fatty acid
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Dehydration Synthesis
the formation of large molecules by the removal of water
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Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water is called
hydrolysis
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The 3 types of Carbohydrates
- 1. Monosaccharides
- 2. Disaccharides
- 3. Polysaccharides
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Characteristics of Monosaccharides:
- -contain 3 and 6 carbon atoms,
- -energy storage have 6 carbon and usually form rings
- -most important 6-carbon monosaccharides are glucose
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characteristics of disaccharides:
- -two linked monosaccharides
- -serve as effeicitve reservoirs of glucose
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characteristics of polysaccharides:
- monosaccharides joined through dehydration sythesis
- used for energy strorage
- used for support
- forms starch, a storage used in plants
- forms glycogen, a storage used in animals
- form cellulose, a structural material for cells
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What are the 2 types of Polynucleotides?
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
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Functions of DNA:
- information storage
- transmit info to next generation
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Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called
Nucleotides
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Nucelotides are composed of 3 components:
- a specific sugar
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogenous group
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__________ is simply a chain of five carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with a nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar.
Nucleic Acid
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Characeristics of DNA:
- 2 strands of polynucleotides that remain together because of hydrogen bonds
- forms a double helix structure
- compleentary strands: nitrogenous bases pair in a set way
- genetic information carried in the sequence of nucleotides
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Characteristics of RNA:
- single polynucleotide strand
- sugar is ribose
- base is uracil instead of thymine
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functions of RNA:
- read the genetic information in DNA
- Direct protein synthesis
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Major types of proteins
- support
- storage
- motion
- transport
- enzymes
- defense
- regulation
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Proteins are polymers of ___________.
amino acids
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Characterized of Amino Acids:
- 20 different kinds
- amino group (
) - carboxyl group (-COOH)
- link via dehydration
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An amino acid consist of a central carbon atom surrounded by a
- amino group
- single hydrogen
- carboxyl group
- variable R GROUP
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Amino acids can be classified as:
- nonpolar and polar
- charged (+ or -)
- special function - stability and folding
- aromatic - ring structures
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Protein Shapes
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure
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Primary structure =
sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure =
interaction of R-groups in the protein backbone.
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tertiary structure =
final folded shape of the polypeptde chain, creating a 3D shape\
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