anatomy and physiology

what is the topic of anatomy that study's systems?

organelle containing cristae

golgi apparatus's function is?

movement on the outside of the cell?

what is used to store energy?

person stands erect with feet slightly apart eyes foward palms facing forward is called

main axis (head, neck, trunk)

head region

throat region

lies vertically and cuts the body into anterior and posterior parts

lies bertically divides the body into left and right

horizontally divides into superior and inferior parts

cuts diagonally between horizontal and vertical parts

subdivides into the cranial and the vertebral

runs through the vertebral columns and endorses the spinal cord

subdivides into the thoratic cavity the abdominal and the pelvic cavity

houses lungs heart and large vessel ribs

soft cavity with not bony protection

mouth teeth tounge

tiny bone that transmit sound in the ear

atoms form molecules

cells and their subunits

a group of cells performing a common function

a structure made by more than one tissue

organs working together for a common purpose

the reslut of all simpler levels working together

internal enviornment remains distinct from the external enviornment (inside, outside)

displacement of the whole organism or human as a whole as well as rearrangement of relative postions of the organisms parts

ability to detect and respond to external stimuli

the breakdown of ingested foodstuff to simpler molecules that can be absorbed in the blood

the sum of chemical processes in an organism

the process of removing waste from the body

forming new cells to replace damaged celss or even to replace the whole organism

increase in organism size caused when anabolism exceeds catabolism

measurement of how acidic or how basic a solution is

if an atom loses and electron is becomes positive

if an atom gains electrons it becomes negative

a substance of high moleculare weight with long chain like molecules consisting of many similar(repeating) units

joined together by dehydration synthesis(lose water)

add water to break down monomers

sequence of amino acids to form polypeptide chain

primary chain forms spirals and sheets

secondary structure looks back on itself and bonds again final 3 dimestional structure. Examples Lactose, myoglobin, human growth hormone

2 or more chains in tertiary bonded together
Ex. hemoglobin

specific stimuli causes a specific response and the responce fixes(reverses) the stimulus

example of negative feedback

specific stimuli causes a specific response that makes the stimulus even stronger

example of positive feedback

state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

state of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

when atoms combine with other atoms,energy relationships

surrounds nucleus, each atom has up to 7 shell levels

glucose + glucose =

glucose+fructose=

glucose+galactose=

Nucleotide bases are

acid examples

base examples

atoms or molecules combine energy is absorbed for bond formation (a+b->ab)
anabolic reaction

molecule is broken down chemical energy is released
(ab->a +b) catabolic reaction

involves both synethesis and decompostion reactions switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made (ab+c->ac+b)

the protein portion of an enzyme

non protein substance associated with an activation an enzyme

energy requiring building phase of metabloism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances

process in which living cells breakdown substances into simpler substances

contains digestive enzymes used to digest bacteria, food and autophagy

site of cellular respiration in which monosaccharides are broken down to form atp

inner membrane forms folds

space between the folds

movement of the cell and movement of substances over the cell membrane

divides the cell up into compartments
Ex. fatty acids, phospholipid and steroid synthesis

membranous network of sacs and tubles, cisternae largest sac, Er provides surface area for chemical reactions, and are covered with ribosomes

site of translation of the mrna into a sequence of amino acids and of protein synthesis

organize the microtubules in the cell especially dduring cell division to form spindle fibers

site for the formatino of rrna which is used to form ribosomes

area where dna is stored as chromatin material where dna replication and transcription take place

separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substance to and from the nucleus

sequence of nucleotides will be used in replication to form a copy of the dna and translation to form mrna, trna,rrna

packs and stroes proteins. lipids, and other complex structures in vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

hydrophillic heads(water loving) hydrophobic(water hating) tails

for cell to cell recoginition found only on the outside of the cell membrane

embedded in the membrane to form receptors which attach to other compounds to change metabolism of the cell

are not embedded in the lipid

firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer

96% of our body is made from four elements

building blocks of elements

engery of motion

stored energy Ex muscle

anything that occupies space and has mass

ability to do work and putting matter into action

fundamental units of matter

atomic structure electrons, protons, neutrons

two or more atoms held together by chemical bond

when two or more different kinds of atoms bond
Ex; h2o

substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed

homogenous mixture of components that maybe gas liquids or solids

dissolves another substance

what is being dissolved

emulsions heterogeneous mixtures their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture
ex. jello gelatin can change from a liquid to a solid state

heterogeneous mixture with large often visible solutes that tend to settle out
Ex blood, sand in water

chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

electrons that are shared

charged particles

shared electrons

unevenlly shared electrons

special type of polar covalent bond , although it is a weak bond it is still a intramolecular bond

contains carbon usually large proteins sugars, lipids

smaller simpler compounds, lack carbon
ex. water, salts many acids and bases

produce hydrogen ions when placed into a solution tastes sour

they accept hydrogen ions from a solution

below 7

above 7

7

an ionic compound that resist changes in pH

glucose fructose galactose dextrose, fruit

must be broken down before it can be used, two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

larger polymer, used to store energy

what is stored in our liver

insoluable in water, contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

single bonds solid at room temp
ex. beef, cream cheese

double or triple bond, can be liquid at room temp.
ex. corn oil, olive oil, seasame oil

modified triglycerides, builds cellular membranes

are fat soluble contain little oxygen
Ex cholesterol

drive from arachidonic acid
Prostaglaninds, and leukotriemenes

store engery in the body, protection/insulate body organs. make up most of cell membranes. hormones such as progesterone and testosterone

made up of 20 different amino acids

acts as biological catalysts, increase the rate of chemical reactions

the substance that will be affected by the enzyme

area on the enzyme to which the substrate binds

the blueprints of life, provides instructions for every protein in the body directs growth and development contains genes

single helix has ribose sugar, used for protein synthesis

single nucleotide adenine used 3 phosphates used for energy transfer

cells have 3 main regions

double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins, barrier for cell content

allows substances to pass through

does not allow substances to pass through membrane

allows some substances to pass through membrane while excluding others

impermeable to polymers

movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration bc of the random movement of molecules
ex; kool aid dissolving in water , osmosis diffusion of water in and out of the cell

movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume

solutions witht he same concentrations of nonpentrating solutes, water will move in and out of the cell no loss or gain

solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in a cell dehydration, too much salt in the cell

solutions that are more diluted cells plumps up, can cause lyse-cells to burst

the force pushing the water out due to the number of water molecules

force pulling the water in due to the number of solute particles

when hydrostatic pressure =osmotic pressure

diffusing substance is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein or moves through a membrane channel high to low concentration

requires carrier proteins that combine with the transported substances low to high concentration

taking something from the outside of the cell and brings it in

spits things out of the cell

dna copying

cell organelles are in the

we need nucleoplasm to

dna is copied into the

rna

ex; if we get ijured builds cells up

our sex cells

each chromatid is... nucleoplasm being condensed(pushed down)

diploid make exact copies of themselves in

haploid reproduce sexually with another cell

cell drinking

cell engulfs some relatively large or solid material such as a clump of bacteria debris

asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides to form two identical cells called daughter cells

sexual reproduction in which sex cells called gametes are formed

rod shaped structure made up of dna and proteins that contain all the genetic information from a cell

time from when a cell is newly formed until it divides
cell growth, dna is copied, growth and preparation for cell division

dna in chromosomes tighten and become more dense, centrioles of the cell separate and begin to build fibers between them (spinal fibers)

nuclear membrane disintegrates and chromosomes begin to ling up across center of cell

chromatids of each chromosome split at centomere and begin to move to opposite poles of the cell, cell elongates, each cell has 1 set of chromatids

chromsomes reach opposite poles and begind to recoil. nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes, cytoplasm starts to divide by cytokenesis

types of tissues

group of similar cells that usually line or cover a surface and usually produce secretion

form endocrine (no ducts) and exocrine glands
ex we secrete body fluids sweat tears

disk shaped nuclei, flattened laterally, resemble titled floors. allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. found in kidneys

spherical nucleus, stains very dark on the slide, single layer of cell , secretes and absorbs

one layer

many layers

oval nucleus single layers of cells, closely packed cells, mostly associated with absorption and secretion

cells vary in height, cells rest on basement membrane, contains cilia and lines respiratory tract, if simple no cilia.

most widespread, free surface cells are squamous
deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar

rare in the body,

usually had 2 layers of cuboidal cells

only its apical layer of cells is columnar

lines hollow urinary organs, stretch as it fills with urine, cells are basal layer are cuboidal or columnare

tissue that binds together and is used to support and protect and transport

framework surrounding the cells and are produced by the cells usually containing collagen

middle layer

outer layer

inside layer

arise from mesencymes, branch off into other connective tissure, muscus connective tissure,

substance in umbilical cord

supports and binds other tissues holds body fluids defends against infection, has loose arrangement of fibers to allow passage of materials, found in subcutaneous layer

similare to areolar in structure and function, adipocyte fat cells, adipocytes formed from fibroblasts and store triglycerides

white fat

brown fat made from mitochondrion bc they cant produce it

cells fibroblast, collogen

collagen fibers are much thicker

elastic branched fibers and fibroblasts allows for stretching branch off each other. (ears, nose, cartilage, vertabrae)

covers ends of long bones connects ribs to sternum, ex, tip of nose

has rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers with stand heavy pressure (knee)

network of fine collagen strechability

supports and protects body structure oseous tissue matrix is ossified(hard)

doesnt connect things or give mechanical support, classified as connective tissue bc it develops from meseclyme and consists of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma

liquid matrix

tissue that is composed of protein arranged in fibrils and which contracts or shortens
used for movement arises from mesoderm

cells are called muscle fibers and have a cell membrane called

striated under voluntary control, multinuclear, cylinder shaped

nonstriated involuntary control, spinal shaped single nucleus

striated involuntary branched intercalated discs to bind cells together, usually single nucleus
ex; heart

tissue formed from cells called neurons that act to transfer and impluse, relate information from external to internal and respond, also correlated body functions and thoughts

contains soma, dendrites, axon, they cannot carry on mitosis

the membrane is called, they do not contain mitotic apparatus

connects to the dendrites

the study of the structure of the human body

they study of body functions

study of large body structure visible to the naked eye

study of all the structures in a particular region of the body

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
ex;blood vessels

considers the cells of the body

study of tissures

superior, cranial

inferior caudal

ventral anterior

dorsal posterior

medial

away from the midline

between the middle and the end

close to the origin of the body

farther away from the origin

superficial external

deep internal

compared with the patellar regions the femoral regions is

compared with the nasal region the orbital region is

a body is sliced into equal right and left halves, this is an example of

the cranial cavity is not part of the

the type of body plane which will cut to form front and back halves

the level of organization in which connective, muscle and epithelium are organized to form a comples structure called

how much more acidic is a pH of 3 than a pH of 6

what is the synonym for anterior

a condtion exists where due to breathing difficulties the concentration of hydrogens in the blood increases. this is called

the symbol for Na is

the three dimensional twisting of a chain of amina acids is called