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Koch's postulates demonstrate what?
that a particular germ causes a particlular dieseas
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What does Koch's Postualte # 1 state?
Microbe must be present in every case of the disease.
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What bacterium causes Anthrax? where is it found?
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What species of Bacillus cuasative agent of Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
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What special strucutre do Anthrax make that help it survive?
Endospores
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What is the dormant stage of a bacteria that helps it get from one host to another?
Endospore
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What is Woolsorter's Disease?
Anthrax from sheep = the humans got it from shearing/working with sheep.
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What does Koch's second postulate state?
Agent must be isolated from a diseased host and must grow in pure culture.
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What is a liquid medium used to grow cultures?
Broth
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What is a medium?
set of nutrients that grow microbes in the lab.
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If you lab broth is cloudy in appearance, you would call it what?
Turbidity
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What is it called when you have chunks/ long chains growing in your culture?
Flocculaent
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What is the scum layer gorwing on top of a cultre called?
Pellicle = usally means the cabteria likes air, they go up top to get air.
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What is the stuff at the bottom of your culture called?
sediment
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What does CFU stand for?
Colony Forming Unit
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Where would you find a CFU?
on a streaked petry dish
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Would a virus grown on an ager?
NO, it needs a live cell
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What is agar?
a complex of polysaccharide extracted from a marine algae
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Liquid agar in a test tube is called what?
a slant
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What do you use to transfer a bacteria sample onto an agar?
a sterile inoculating loop
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What is the purpose of streaking a petry plate?
to spread out the bacteria
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What does Koch's third postulate state?
When the agent froma pure culture is inoculated into healthy, but seceptible , experimental hosts, the agent must cause the same disease.
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What is the appearance of a specimen growing in your petry plate called?
Colony Morphology
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What is cellular morphology?
the appearance of cells you observe through a microscope
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What is a culture?
A population of bacteria.
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Being able to see different types of bacteria present in a culture is an advantage of what?
Using a solid agar
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By usung a solid agar you can better estimate what?
the amount of each type of bacteria present
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What is the only way to isolate a pure culture?
Use a solid agar for growing
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What does Koch's fourth postulate state?
The agent must be reisolated from the inoculated disesed experimental host and identified as being the identical to the original secific agent.
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Flagella is what?
a whip/ tail like appendange found on bacterium
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What is pluaral for flagella?
Flagellum (more than one)
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What is it called when a bacteria has one flagella?
Monotrichous
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Define Monotrichous =
singular flagella found on a bacterium
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What are polar flagella?
monotrichous bacteria = haveing the flagella at one end or the other
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What is Amphitrichous
bacteria with two flagella
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Define Peritrichous =
a bacteria with flagellum all over the surface
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If a bacteria have tufuts of flagellum are called what?
Lophotrichous
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What is Proteus vulgaris and what is it a good example of ?
- a peritrichous bacteria with flagellum all over it
- Causes UTI's (section 5) anaerobic, G+, Rod
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Name a bacteria that have cillia:
NONE - bacteria do not have cillia
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What are Fimbriae ?
short tiny projections or fingers
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What bacteria have diplococcus shape and are covered in fimbriae?
Neisseria gonorrehea
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What does diplococcus refer to?
- shape = divided into pairs
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Define Pili =
tiny, hollow, projection, through which bacteria transfer plasmids
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What is the pathway through which bacteria transfer DNA/ genetic material?
Pili (singular) Pilus (plural)
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Define plasmid =
extra piece of DNA/ genetic material is in that gets shared between bacteria - not all bacteria have them.
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Members of a species that posses a plasmid are called what?
a strain
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What is a strain
genetic mutation of a species
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What king of bacteria carries a few genes including the genes for the the pilus, antibotic resistance, special toxins, structures...
F+ (like being male)
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What is a bacteria called that has received plasmid from another bacteria .. that would now have the genes for a pilus.
F- (negative)
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What is the process of passing on plasmids to more F+ cells?
conjugation
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Where would you find genes for antibiotics or special strucutress?
In the plasmid (DNA/genetic material)
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name the protective structure found outside of the cell wall of the organism that secretes it:
Capsule
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What are the benefits of a capsule?
- helps stick to host tissues/ enviornmental surfaces
- harder to be eaten by phagocytes - slippery, harder to catch
- harder for antigens to be recognized
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What special features do Pseudomonas have?
- capsules & flagella
- stick to paddles, but swim when in water
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What is a bacteria found in hospitals and every day life that highly resistant to antibiotics?
Pseudomonas
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What feature does Streptococcus mutans / S. sanguis have?
capsules to stick to your teeth
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What are spiral shaped bacteria called?
spirllium
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What is a band of contractile protien called?
Axil fillament
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what special feature do spirochaetes have?
Axial filament
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What do spiral shaped bacteria have a flagella or an axial filament?
Flagella
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What bacteria causes syphillis? what feature does it have?
Treponema pallidum / axial filament
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What is the major compenent of a bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
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What is peptidoglycan?
major component of a bacteria cell wall
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What is peptidoglycan composed of?
alternating sugars linked by tetrapeptides
N. acetylglucosamine / N. acetylmuranic acid
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Gram negative cell walls have 2 components, name them:
- 1) 1-2 layers peptidoglycan
- 2) outer memberane
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What is composed of phospholipids / lipoprotiens / lipopolysaccarides?
The outer membrane of a Gram negative cell wall
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Division I bacteria are Gram negative? or postive?
Gram Negitive
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What portion of a Gram negative bacteria is endotoxic?
the lipid portion - the bacteria dies, it breaks down and releases toxins which illicit a non specific immune response
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Fever, inflammation, redness ... these are what type of immune response?
Non-specific
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What has a thin, heterogenous, endotoxic cell wall?
Gram negative bacteria
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Gram negative bacteria appear what color when using the Gram stain technique?
RED
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A cell wall with one component is called what?
Homogenous / Gram negative
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A cell wall with 2 componenets is called what?
Heterogenous / Gram Negative
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What make a Gram positive cell wall thick?
6-8 layers of peptidoglycan
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Protienation waste comes from what and cause wha type of response?
excretions from endotoxins of a Gram positive bacteria; they illicit a specific immune response/ symptoms
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What special feature do most Cocci bacteria have?
Capsule - which make them sticky - espicially those with cocci in the name
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Clostridium are know for what?
- excreteing neuro-toxins that cause specific immune responses
- C. tetaxi
- C. perfringens (gang-green)
- C. botulinum
- C. difficile
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What bacteria have a plasma membrane?
ALL
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What type of bacteria cause food intoxication?
Gram positive / get sick quick b/c they excrete exotoxins on the food
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Food infection is caused by what?
Gram negative bacteria - they die and release endotoxins
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What can benefit bacteria by providing protection from stomach acids?
Outer Membrane of Gram negative bacteria
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Name a bacteria that are Gram - and cause food infection:
Samonella
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Staphylococcus causes what type of food poisoning?
Intoxication / Gram positive food poisoning
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Facultative anerobic Gram negative bacteria is important why?
They include Family Enterobacteriacae from section 5 = enteric flora
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Gram negative have ______ walls.
Thin walls
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What is the most common STD?
Chlamydia trachoma
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Name 2 obligate intracellular parasites:
Rickettsias & Chlamydia
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Chlamydia & Rickettsias have what type of cell wall?
Thin walls, but they ARE Gram positive
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What division do Rickettsias & Chlamydia belong to?
Division I = because they have a thin cell wall
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Division II are Gram _____.
Gram positive / they have a thick cell wall.
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Coliform & Enteric bacteria are Gram ____.
Negative
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Name a Gram + normal bowel flora:
- Enterococcus fecalis
- it is also Vancomycin resistant (VRE)
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What does Streotococcus pyogenes cause?
- Peurperal fever
- Rheumatic fever
- Scarlett fever
- Strep throat
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What does pyogenes mean?
puss generating
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What division do Acid Fast bacteria belong in?
Divison II
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Mycolic acid is what?
wax found in the cell wall of acid fast bacteria
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Mycrobacterium genus have what special charecteristic?
thick wall (acid fast) /
TB / Leprosy
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What is the mordant in acid fast staining?
the wax in the cell wall - mycolic acid
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Acid fast stains are in what genus?
Mycobacteria
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Tuberculosis is caused by what?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Mycology is the study of what?
Molds / Fungi
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Mycology does not apply to what?
mycobacteria / mycoplasm
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Division III bacteria have what type of cell wall?
NONE
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Section 10 includes Mycoplasma bacteria, what does this mean?
the plasma membrane is the outter boundary, they lack a cell wall.
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What antibiotic targets the cell wall; enzyme that peptidoglycan?
Penicillin or Cephalosporins
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What treatment would disrup the plasma membrane by interuppting ATP production:
Neosprorin
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What treatment targets ribosomes by inhibiting protien synthesis?
Tetracycline / Erythromycin
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What type of ribosomes do bacteria have?
FREE
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70s / 80s are what type of measurements?
density of bacterial ribosomes is 70s
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Where do bacteria make ATP?
plasma membrane
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Ribosomes oin bacteria make what?
protiens for the cells use
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What is an inclusion?
stored nutrients in bacteria
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Graying of the teeth is a side effect of what treatment?
Tetracycline, which interfers with protien synthesis, which will effect the growth of a young child or pregnant woman
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What are some side effects of antibiotics?
- kill all flora
- sun sensitivity due to decrease melinin production
- bacteria become resistant to drugs
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Firmcutes have a FIRM cell wall or Division ____.
II
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Gracilicutes are what division?
I - gracefull / thin cell wall
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Tenericutes are what division?
III - tender / no cell wall
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Mendosacutes are what division?
IV
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What is the general name for bacteria that cause ENT bacteria?
phneumococcus (not a genus name)
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What bacteria have no cell wall, just a plasma membrane?
Mycobacteria
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What bacteria respond to ampacillin ?
- staphylococcus / streptococcus
- used on ENT infections
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What do we have in our plasma membrane to toughen it up?
sterols (cholestrols)
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What happens in the first phase of bacterial population growth?
Acclimation or Log growth
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What bacteria are characteristically pyogenic?
Streptococcus / Staphylocccus
they also have capsules to make them sticky
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What happens in the Log phase of bacterial growth?
Exponential growth, this is the optimal time for growth
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The acclimation phase is also called what?
Lag phase = no net change in cell numbers.
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In what phase does the number of cell growths = the number of deaths?
Stationary phase / carrying capacity of enviornment
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What is the final phase of bacterial population growth ?
decline / death phaese
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What is the fisrt phase of bactrial population growth?
Lag phase / acclimation phase
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How does Ampicillin effect bacteria?
by disrupting cell wall; enzymes that make the peptidoglycan
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Are cocci motile?
NO, they don't move
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Which section has mostly flagellated bacteria?
Section 5 / G- rods / facultativley anaerobic
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Pyogenic bacteria have mostly what shape?
Cocci - puss generation
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Name 2 Spirachetes:
- Spirillum volutans
- Treponema pallidum (syphillus)
- Borrelia = causes lyme dease
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Strepto is a ____ arrangement.
Chain
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Staphylo are a ____ arrangement.
Cluster
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What bacteria is known for it diploccocus arranement?
Neisseria gonorrhea
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What bacteria is known for its yellow color?
Micrococcus luteas
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Serratia marcescens is a Gram ____ bacteria, which would appear ___ in color when stained.
Negative / pink
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What bacteria appears red on a petry plate?
Serratia marcescens = produces red pigment
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What bacteria is Gold in appearance?
- Stapylococcus aureus
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G+ / cocci / Section 12
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What bacteria are G+ Endospore forming ?
Bacillus anthracis & Clostridium difficlie
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Bacilllus megaterium is Gram ___.
- positive (section 13)
- Obligate anaerobe
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What is a granuale/ who has them?
inclussion / Corynebacterium (diptheria)
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What staining techiniques does NOT include heat fixing?
Negative stain
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Plasmodia is what?
the protozoan parasitic protist that causes malaria
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Where do we make ATP ?
mitochondria
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What is the endospore coat made of?
Dipicolinic acid, peptidyglycan, protiens, hard salts (calicium ions)
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What makes endospores heat resistant?
Dipicolinic acid
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Wha bacteia has a virus that makes it patheogenic?
Corynebacterium diptheriae = the granule
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Where would I found peptidoglycan?
- in the bacteria cell wall
- 1-2 in Gram -
- 6-8 in Gram +
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Where would you find an outer memebrane?
- Gram negative cell wall =
- 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan in cell wall
- outter layer is the OUTER MEMBRANE is lypid endotoxins
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What is bacteriostatic?
Penecillin = stops bacteria from dividing = effects cell wall
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Name an air loving bacteria:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa = obligate aerobe
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What are Psychropiles?
cold loving organisms
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Microphiles are ______ loving organisms.
love a little bit of air; grow just below th surface of in a test tube.
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Lactobacillus is a _____ loving organism.
acid / Acidophile
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Vibrio like aht type of envirnment?
Alkaline / alkalinophiles
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Give an example of an Alkalinophile:
Vibrio cholerae
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Clostridium tetanii is an example of what type of organism?
- Anaerobic, Gram +, ROD
- in the absense of oxygen
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What are 2 examples of Facultative anaerobe?
Bacillus / Staphylococcus
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What type of bacteria is associated with food poisoning from chicken?
Salmonella
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What type of bacteria is associated with food poisoning from fish?
Shingella
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What causes bubonic plague?
Yerusnia pestis
-
What causes food poisining from beef?
Escherichis
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What causes a vaginosis?
Gardnella vaginalis
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Name 2 obligate intracellular parasites?
- Rickettsiae & Chlamydiae
- have a thin cell wall / Division I
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