Bio CH 6 Energy/Metabolism

• oxidation/reduction or REDOX reactions
• Gains electron = reduction
• Loses electron = oxidation (reduction reactions)

Molecule reduced has higher energy

always occur together because every electron that is lost through oxidation is gained by reduction.

"capacity to do work"

Free energy: energy available to do work in any system.

• Science of energy exchanges/changes
• measured by heat... kilocalore kcal
• 1 kcal = 1000 calories
• 1 calorie is the heat required to raise the temp. of water 1 degree Celsius

• 1) Kinectic: movement, motion
• 2) Potential: stored

Energy can be changed from 1 form to another, but not created or destroyed it can only change from one form to another (potential to kenetic). Total amount of energy in universe stays constant.

• Form:
• Heat- Kinetic/potential
• Light- Kinectic
• Atomic energy- Potential

during each conversion energy is lost as heat.

In energy conversions the potential energy of the final stage will be less than that of the initial state (some energy given off (most as heat)

• Disorder in universe (entropy) is continously increasing.
• DISORDER MORE LIKELY THAN ORDER
• Exergonic
• Endergonic

Energy Given Off

Requires energy. Must be coupled to exergonic one

Measure of disorder or randomness

C6H12O6 (glucose) ----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy in motochondria "catabolic reactions"

• H= heat content, potential energy, enthalpy
• ^H = change in H
• G= Gibbs free energy, available/usable energy
• ^G=^H-T^S
• T= Temperture
• S=Entrpopy

Usable energy is reduced due to increase in entropy

Involved in virtually all reactions (metabolism)

endergonic 'take in energy'

Anabolism

exergonic 'give off energy'

Catabolism

• globular protein made of 1 or more chains
• -Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quat. Structures

Active Site and Substrate Molecules (FIG 6.8)

1000 substrates molecules per second

Enzymes are acting as catalysts (speed up reactions, not used up)

BIO CATALYST SPECIFIC

• 1) production of enzyme
• 2) some enymes have control site (allosterksite)
• -End Point
• -Feedback
• 3)Substrate of molecule availble?
• 4) "cofactors" available
• 5) pH correct? optimum pH
• 6) Temp. correct

• Molecules that help enzymes (carry electrons)
• 1) some are organic (coenzmes)
• -vitamins/coenzymes B6,B12 (electron carriers)
• 2) inorganic molecules

• -some are free in cytoplasm / or attached
• -some are single / or in groups

YES - RNA (ribozymes) help reactions

• Energy Currency Molecule
• -endergonic reaction: J & K ----> L
• J,K,L = compounds

• J&K need enrergy of 10kcal/mol
• this reaction neds to be coupled to exorganig reaction

• ATP -----> ADP + P (phosphours group)
• -7.3kcal/mole released

needs 10kcal but only has 7.3 so need 2 ATP's to get to 10

ATP is constantly being made and used.

• 1st organism (cells) -used organic molecules in H20 around them
• Example: R=simple comound, if R begins to run short selection for cell who could help make R begins =T+S....if T begins to run short...F+G is found to help (works backwards)

F+G ---> (T)+S----> R

^G = ^H-^T^S

• G= gibbs free energy, available energy
• T= Temp
• S= Entropy

Part of enzyme away from active site, on/off switch

Region of enzyme surface, substrates bind, lowering activation energy required and fascilitates function.

Control mechanism, concentratration inhibits sythesis

Substance binds to enzyme and decreases its activity

Binds to enzyme and increases activity

• Endergonic- Products contain more energy than reactants
• Exergonic- products contain less energy than reactants

lowers activation energy needed to initiate reaction (enzymes act as catlysts)

Activation energy

Heat

• 1.) 5 Carbon Sugar ribose
• 2.) 2 carbon nitrogen
• 3.) chain of three phosphates
•