Psych 111 Exam 2 - Ch7

the nervous systems’ capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge

HM suffered from severe epilepsy

had surgery where doctor removed parts of his medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus

HM lost the ability to form new long-term memories

he lost every new memory he acquired through conversation, before that new memory could be transformed into a long-term memory

he was able to remember motor tasks

Did not remember performing new tasks, but made less errors as tasks were repeated

1) sensory memory- unattended information is lost 2) short-term memory-unrehearsed information is lost 3)-Long-term memory- some information may be lost overtime

common failure to notice large changes in environments

ex. old man giving directions to another man, but then mid conversation, the man is switched with another because of a momentary blockage by a larger object

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

processing of information so that it can be stored

retention of encoded representations over time that corresponds to some change in the nervous system that registers the event

the act of recalling or remembering stored info to use it

three rows of letters were flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of a second

particpants were asked to recall all the letters

used high, medium or low pitched sounds to accompany a single row of letters

when sound occured very shortly after the letters disappeared, the participants correctly remembered almost all the letters in the single row

visual memory persisted about one-third of a second, after which the sensory memory trace faded progressively until it was no longer accessible

longer the delay between the letters’ disappearance and the sound, the worse the participants performed

very brief sensory memory of some auditory stimuli.

Typically, echoic memories are stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories (visual memories)

• short-term memory
• -limited capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period

• working memory
• -active processing system that keeps different types of info available for current use
• -immediate memory

brief, fleeting thoughts

organizing info into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

relatively permanent storage of infolonger duration, and nearly limitless capacity

LTM has a longer duration, and nearly limitless capacity

ability to recall items from a list depending on order. first and last are remembered better than in the middle

better memory people have for remembering the beginning better

better memory people have for remembering the most recent better

Overlearning

distributed practice

repetition

spaced out over multiple periods of time

ineffective

distributed practice using associations

• Explicit memory
• Declarative memory
• Episodic memory
• Semantic memory
• Implicit memory
• Procedural memory
• Prospective memory

process involved when remembering specific info

cognitive info retried from explicit memory

can be declared

memory for one’s personal past experiences

memory for knowledge about the world

underlying unconscious memories

motor skills and behavioral habits

remembering to do something in the future

hypothetical cognitive structure

-helps us perceive, organize, process, and use info

anything that helps a person (or other animal) recall info from memory

any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience

ex. underwater and above water memory test

transfer of contents from immediate memory into long-term memory

when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

it is memory of the physical environment

such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps

inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

(a type of forgetting) inability to remember needed information, such as failing to recall the name of a person you meet on the streets

• Anterograde amnesia:
• -inability to form new memories

• Retrograde amnesia:
• -condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal info

Flashbulb memories

Source misattribution

False memories

Memories that are associated with powerful emotions (example world trade center/ 9-11) They are deeply held memories, but the details are often inaccurate.

memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

confabulation

false recollection of episodic memory