Micro (5)

  1. What is Metablosim?
    Biochemical reactions inside a microbe
  2. function of Metabolism?
    For maintenance and reproduction
  3. What does metablosim allos us to understand?
    • 1) how do pathogens get energy & nutrients from host.
    • 2) How does grape juice turn into wine?
    • 3) how does yeast cuase bread to rise?
    • 4) how do disinfectants, antiseptics, & antimicrobial drugs work?
  4. What are the 7 facts that guide metabolism?
    • Every cell acquires nutrients
    • Metablosim requires energy from light or from breakdown (catabolism) of nutrients
    • energy is stored in ATP
    • Cells catabolize nutrients to form "building blocks"
    • Building blocks + ATP + enzymes = builds macromolecules via synthesis (anabolic) reactions
    • cells grow by using macromolecules to build cell structures
    • cells usually reproduce once they have doubled insize.
  5. What is catabolism? Example?
    break down larger molecules into smaller products.

    example: lipid --> Glycerol & 3 fatty acids
  6. What is anabolism? Example?
    Synthesize larger molecules from products of catabolism

    Example: Glycerol & 3 fatty acids --> lipid for cell membrane
  7. What is exergonic?
    A type of reaction that releases energy, usually ATP and heat
  8. What is endergonic?
    A type of reaction that uses more energy than is released, uses ATP and releases some heat.
  9. What are Oxidation-reduction reactions?
    • REDOX reactions
    • electron transfer from electron donor to electron acceptor
    • necessary in many metabolic pathways
    • reactions always occur simultaneously
    • cells use "electron carriers" to carry electrons
  10. What are the electron carriers?
    • NAD+
    • NADP+
    • FAD
  11. What is ATP?
    • Adenosene TriPhosphate
    • Energy source of the cell
  12. How is ATP produced?
    organisms break down nutrients to release energy
  13. where is the energy stored at in ATP?
    In the high energy phosphate bonds
  14. What is Phosphorlyation?
    where an inorganic phosphate is added to a substrate (ADP-->ATP)
  15. how are catabloism and anabolism involved with ATP?
    • Catabolism: stores energy in ATP
    • Anabolism: releases energy from ATP by breaking bonds
  16. What are enzymes?
    They are Proteins and biological Catalysts that can be used over and over again.
  17. What are the 2 major things enzymes do in a chemical reaction?
    • 1) speed up metabloic reactions
    • 2) lower the energy needed for the reaction to occur
  18. What is enzyme-substrate specificity?
    Where only certain substrates will fit into certain enzymes
  19. What is a substrate?
    A molecule that is being Metabolized
  20. 3 major steps in enzyme action.
    • 1) Substrate binds to the enzyme
    • 2) after bound, the enzyme changes shape
    • 3) the substrates are then released, and enzyme returned to original shape.
  21. What is the "Induced fit model"?
    How enzymes change shape slightly after the substrate bonds to it.
  22. What are the products of enzyme activity used for?
    The cell uses the products for metabloic activities.
  23. What are cofactors? Examples?
    • they are helpers to the enzymes
    • Inorganic: iron, magnesium, zinc, copper
  24. What are Coenzymes? Example?
    • Organic helpers to the enzyme
    • Vitamins
  25. What 5 things affect enzyme activity?
    • 1) Temperature: increase temp, speed up act.
    • 2) pH: most places have 6.4
    • 3) amount of Enzyme
    • 4) amount of substrate
    • 5) presence of inhibitors
  26. What is denaturation?
    Where the enzmye changes shape
  27. what is the sturation point?
    Where the amount of substrate is at its limit inside the cell.
  28. What is an inhibitor?
    A substance that blocks an enzyme's active sites.
  29. Competitive inhibitor
    • Fit into the enzyme active site
    • bind permanently or reversibly
    • If increased substrate concentration it can push out the inhibitor
  30. Non-Competitive Inhibitor
    • binds to allosteric site
    • alters shape of active site so subrate doesn't match.
  31. What is allosteric activation?
    Binds to allosteric site and changes the shape to ALLOW the enzyme to bind.
  32. What is Feedback inhibition?
    End product of metabloic activity is an allosteric inhibitor of enzyme in a series of reactions.
  33. What is a Ribozyme?
    • 3D RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction
    • Most are rare in a cell
    • Technically, part of ribosome is a ribozyme (amino acids are put together to make protein w/o other catalysts)
  34. What is carbohydrate catabolism?
    Using carbohydrates to obtain energy for metabolic activities.
  35. What two ways are carb. catabolized?
    • 1) Cellular respiration: Glucose --> CO2 + H2O ( for ATP)
    • 2) Fermentation: Glucose to organic waste products

    Begin with Glycolysis
  36. What is cellular respiration? Goal?
    • Extracting energy from molecules
    • goal: release as much ATP as possible
    • involve NAD+ & FAD
  37. Formula for Cellular Respiration with presence of Oxygen?
    • Aerobic Respiration
    • C6H12O6 + 6O2--> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP



  38. What are the steps for Cellular respiration?
    • 1) Glycolysis
    • 2) Transition/Acetyl-CoA synthesis
    • 3) Krebs Cycle
    • 4) Electron Transport chain (ETC)
  39. Step 1: Glycolysis
    • Occurs in Cytosol
    • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
    • ATP is made
    • Electrons are given to NAD+ --> NADH
    • 2 ATP used, 4 ATP made= 2 Net ATP (euk. and prok.)
    • Electrons given to 2 NAD+ --> 2 NADH
  40. Step 2: Transition/Acetyl-CoA synthesis
    • 2 CO2 Released
    • 2 NAD+ get electrons --> NADH
    • 2 Acetlyl-CoA are made
    • In Euk.:inside Mitochondria
    • In Prok. Out in the Cytosol
  41. What are Precursor Metabolites?
    Any of the 12 molecules generated by a catabolic pathway and essential to the synthesis of organic macromolecules in a cell
  42. What is a Hypothesis?
    A description of nature used to explain observations. Hypothesis have little or no supporting experimental evidence and/or observarions but can be used to predict the outcome of experiments. It is a tentative explanation.
  43. What is a prediction?
    Expected outcome of an experiment. It can be written in the following format (If.....Then....).
  44. What is an experiment?
    Used to test the hypothesis, theories and laws.
  45. control group?
    Group used for comparison in an experiment. Usually treatment group where the independent variable is not applied.
  46. Experminetal group?
    Group that is being manipulated. Treatment group to which the independent variable has been applied.
  47. Independent Variable
    The variable that the investigator manipulates or changes in an experiment.
  48. Dependent variable
    the variable that changes in an expeiment as a result of manipulating the IV. the result of the experiment that s observed.
  49. Controlled variable
    The variables that the experiment keeps constant.
  50. Why is replication important?
    the more data collected, the more accurate the results will be.
  51. Stage 3:Krebs Cycle
    • 2 ATP made
    • 2 FADH2
    • 6 NADH
    • 4 CO2 released
    • EUK. Mitochondria
    • PROK. Cytosol
  52. Stage 4: ETC (Electron transport chain)
    • most significant production of ATP
    • moves H Ions across concentration gradient to produce ATP
    • EUK= Cristae of Mitochondria, 32 ATP made (36 total)
    • PROK= Cytoplamsic membrane, 34 ATP made (38 total)
Author
jarms010
ID
135983
Card Set
Micro (5)
Description
micro exam 2
Updated