Micro (5)

Biochemical reactions inside a microbe

For maintenance and reproduction

• 1) how do pathogens get energy & nutrients from host.
• 2) How does grape juice turn into wine?
• 3) how does yeast cuase bread to rise?
• 4) how do disinfectants, antiseptics, & antimicrobial drugs work?

• Every cell acquires nutrients
• Metablosim requires energy from light or from breakdown (catabolism) of nutrients
• energy is stored in ATP
• Cells catabolize nutrients to form "building blocks"
• Building blocks + ATP + enzymes = builds macromolecules via synthesis (anabolic) reactions
• cells grow by using macromolecules to build cell structures
• cells usually reproduce once they have doubled insize.

break down larger molecules into smaller products.

example: lipid --> Glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Synthesize larger molecules from products of catabolism

Example: Glycerol & 3 fatty acids --> lipid for cell membrane

A type of reaction that releases energy, usually ATP and heat

A type of reaction that uses more energy than is released, uses ATP and releases some heat.

• REDOX reactions
• electron transfer from electron donor to electron acceptor
• necessary in many metabolic pathways
• reactions always occur simultaneously
• cells use "electron carriers" to carry electrons

• NAD⁺
• NADP⁺
• FAD

• Adenosene TriPhosphate
• Energy source of the cell

organisms break down nutrients to release energy

In the high energy phosphate bonds

where an inorganic phosphate is added to a substrate (ADP-->ATP)

• Catabolism: stores energy in ATP
• Anabolism: releases energy from ATP by breaking bonds

They are Proteins and biological Catalysts that can be used over and over again.

• 1) speed up metabloic reactions
• 2) lower the energy needed for the reaction to occur

Where only certain substrates will fit into certain enzymes

A molecule that is being Metabolized

• 1) Substrate binds to the enzyme
• 2) after bound, the enzyme changes shape
• 3) the substrates are then released, and enzyme returned to original shape.

How enzymes change shape slightly after the substrate bonds to it.

The cell uses the products for metabloic activities.

• they are helpers to the enzymes
• Inorganic: iron, magnesium, zinc, copper

• Organic helpers to the enzyme
• Vitamins

• 1) Temperature: increase temp, speed up act.
• 2) pH: most places have 6.4
• 3) amount of Enzyme
• 4) amount of substrate
• 5) presence of inhibitors

Where the enzmye changes shape

Where the amount of substrate is at its limit inside the cell.

A substance that blocks an enzyme's active sites.

• Fit into the enzyme active site
• bind permanently or reversibly
• If increased substrate concentration it can push out the inhibitor

• binds to allosteric site
• alters shape of active site so subrate doesn't match.

Binds to allosteric site and changes the shape to ALLOW the enzyme to bind.

End product of metabloic activity is an allosteric inhibitor of enzyme in a series of reactions.

• 3D RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction
• Most are rare in a cell
• Technically, part of ribosome is a ribozyme (amino acids are put together to make protein w/o other catalysts)

Using carbohydrates to obtain energy for metabolic activities.

• 1) Cellular respiration: Glucose --> CO₂ + H₂O ( for ATP)
• 2) Fermentation: Glucose to organic waste products

Begin with Glycolysis

• Extracting energy from molecules
• goal: release as much ATP as possible
• involve NAD⁺ & FAD

• Aerobic Respiration
• C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂--> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

• 1) Glycolysis
• 2) Transition/Acetyl-CoA synthesis
• 3) Krebs Cycle
• 4) Electron Transport chain (ETC)

• Occurs in Cytosol
• Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
• ATP is made
• Electrons are given to NAD⁺ --> NADH
• 2 ATP used, 4 ATP made= 2 Net ATP (euk. and prok.)
• Electrons given to 2 NAD⁺ --> 2 NADH

• 2 CO₂ Released
• 2 NAD⁺ get electrons --> NADH
• 2 Acetlyl-CoA are made
• In Euk.:inside Mitochondria
• In Prok. Out in the Cytosol

Any of the 12 molecules generated by a catabolic pathway and essential to the synthesis of organic macromolecules in a cell

A description of nature used to explain observations. Hypothesis have little or no supporting experimental evidence and/or observarions but can be used to predict the outcome of experiments. It is a tentative explanation.

Expected outcome of an experiment. It can be written in the following format (If.....Then....).

Used to test the hypothesis, theories and laws.

Group used for comparison in an experiment. Usually treatment group where the independent variable is not applied.

Group that is being manipulated. Treatment group to which the independent variable has been applied.

The variable that the investigator manipulates or changes in an experiment.

the variable that changes in an expeiment as a result of manipulating the IV. the result of the experiment that s observed.

The variables that the experiment keeps constant.

the more data collected, the more accurate the results will be.

• 2 ATP made
• 2 FADH₂
• 6 NADH
• 4 CO₂ released
• EUK. Mitochondria
• PROK. Cytosol

• most significant production of ATP
• moves H Ions across concentration gradient to produce ATP
• EUK= Cristae of Mitochondria, 32 ATP made (36 total)
• PROK= Cytoplamsic membrane, 34 ATP made (38 total)