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What is Metablosim?
Biochemical reactions inside a microbe
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function of Metabolism?
For maintenance and reproduction
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What does metablosim allos us to understand?
- 1) how do pathogens get energy & nutrients from host.
- 2) How does grape juice turn into wine?
- 3) how does yeast cuase bread to rise?
- 4) how do disinfectants, antiseptics, & antimicrobial drugs work?
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What are the 7 facts that guide metabolism?
- Every cell acquires nutrients
- Metablosim requires energy from light or from breakdown (catabolism) of nutrients
- energy is stored in ATP
- Cells catabolize nutrients to form "building blocks"
- Building blocks + ATP + enzymes = builds macromolecules via synthesis (anabolic) reactions
- cells grow by using macromolecules to build cell structures
- cells usually reproduce once they have doubled insize.
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What is catabolism? Example?
break down larger molecules into smaller products.
example: lipid --> Glycerol & 3 fatty acids
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What is anabolism? Example?
Synthesize larger molecules from products of catabolism
Example: Glycerol & 3 fatty acids --> lipid for cell membrane
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What is exergonic?
A type of reaction that releases energy, usually ATP and heat
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What is endergonic?
A type of reaction that uses more energy than is released, uses ATP and releases some heat.
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What are Oxidation-reduction reactions?
- REDOX reactions
- electron transfer from electron donor to electron acceptor
- necessary in many metabolic pathways
- reactions always occur simultaneously
- cells use "electron carriers" to carry electrons
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What are the electron carriers?
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What is ATP?
- Adenosene TriPhosphate
- Energy source of the cell
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How is ATP produced?
organisms break down nutrients to release energy
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where is the energy stored at in ATP?
In the high energy phosphate bonds
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What is Phosphorlyation?
where an inorganic phosphate is added to a substrate (ADP-->ATP)
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how are catabloism and anabolism involved with ATP?
- Catabolism: stores energy in ATP
- Anabolism: releases energy from ATP by breaking bonds
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What are enzymes?
They are Proteins and biological Catalysts that can be used over and over again.
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What are the 2 major things enzymes do in a chemical reaction?
- 1) speed up metabloic reactions
- 2) lower the energy needed for the reaction to occur
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What is enzyme-substrate specificity?
Where only certain substrates will fit into certain enzymes
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What is a substrate?
A molecule that is being Metabolized
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3 major steps in enzyme action.
- 1) Substrate binds to the enzyme
- 2) after bound, the enzyme changes shape
- 3) the substrates are then released, and enzyme returned to original shape.
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What is the "Induced fit model"?
How enzymes change shape slightly after the substrate bonds to it.
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What are the products of enzyme activity used for?
The cell uses the products for metabloic activities.
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What are cofactors? Examples?
- they are helpers to the enzymes
- Inorganic: iron, magnesium, zinc, copper
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What are Coenzymes? Example?
- Organic helpers to the enzyme
- Vitamins
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What 5 things affect enzyme activity?
- 1) Temperature: increase temp, speed up act.
- 2) pH: most places have 6.4
- 3) amount of Enzyme
- 4) amount of substrate
- 5) presence of inhibitors
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What is denaturation?
Where the enzmye changes shape
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what is the sturation point?
Where the amount of substrate is at its limit inside the cell.
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What is an inhibitor?
A substance that blocks an enzyme's active sites.
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Competitive inhibitor
- Fit into the enzyme active site
- bind permanently or reversibly
- If increased substrate concentration it can push out the inhibitor
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Non-Competitive Inhibitor
- binds to allosteric site
- alters shape of active site so subrate doesn't match.
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What is allosteric activation?
Binds to allosteric site and changes the shape to ALLOW the enzyme to bind.
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What is Feedback inhibition?
End product of metabloic activity is an allosteric inhibitor of enzyme in a series of reactions.
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What is a Ribozyme?
- 3D RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction
- Most are rare in a cell
- Technically, part of ribosome is a ribozyme (amino acids are put together to make protein w/o other catalysts)
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What is carbohydrate catabolism?
Using carbohydrates to obtain energy for metabolic activities.
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What two ways are carb. catabolized?
- 1) Cellular respiration: Glucose --> CO2 + H2O ( for ATP)
- 2) Fermentation: Glucose to organic waste products
Begin with Glycolysis
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What is cellular respiration? Goal?
- Extracting energy from molecules
- goal: release as much ATP as possible
- involve NAD+ & FAD
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Formula for Cellular Respiration with presence of Oxygen?
- Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2--> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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What are the steps for Cellular respiration?
- 1) Glycolysis
- 2) Transition/Acetyl-CoA synthesis
- 3) Krebs Cycle
- 4) Electron Transport chain (ETC)
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Step 1: Glycolysis
- Occurs in Cytosol
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
- ATP is made
- Electrons are given to NAD+ --> NADH
- 2 ATP used, 4 ATP made= 2 Net ATP (euk. and prok.)
- Electrons given to 2 NAD+ --> 2 NADH
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Step 2: Transition/Acetyl-CoA synthesis
- 2 CO2 Released
- 2 NAD+ get electrons --> NADH
- 2 Acetlyl-CoA are made
- In Euk.:inside Mitochondria
- In Prok. Out in the Cytosol
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What are Precursor Metabolites?
Any of the 12 molecules generated by a catabolic pathway and essential to the synthesis of organic macromolecules in a cell
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What is a Hypothesis?
A description of nature used to explain observations. Hypothesis have little or no supporting experimental evidence and/or observarions but can be used to predict the outcome of experiments. It is a tentative explanation.
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What is a prediction?
Expected outcome of an experiment. It can be written in the following format (If.....Then....).
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What is an experiment?
Used to test the hypothesis, theories and laws.
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control group?
Group used for comparison in an experiment. Usually treatment group where the independent variable is not applied.
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Experminetal group?
Group that is being manipulated. Treatment group to which the independent variable has been applied.
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Independent Variable
The variable that the investigator manipulates or changes in an experiment.
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Dependent variable
the variable that changes in an expeiment as a result of manipulating the IV. the result of the experiment that s observed.
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Controlled variable
The variables that the experiment keeps constant.
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Why is replication important?
the more data collected, the more accurate the results will be.
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Stage 3:Krebs Cycle
- 2 ATP made
- 2 FADH2
- 6 NADH
- 4 CO2 released
- EUK. Mitochondria
- PROK. Cytosol
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Stage 4: ETC (Electron transport chain)
- most significant production of ATP
- moves H Ions across concentration gradient to produce ATP
- EUK= Cristae of Mitochondria, 32 ATP made (36 total)
- PROK= Cytoplamsic membrane, 34 ATP made (38 total)
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