Brain and Behavior

Name the two main components of the outer supportive layer of the eye.

Name the layers of the cornea.

What are the three main components of the middle layer of the eye?

The sphinctor pupillae muscle is innervated by the _________ nerves in the ____________ ganglion.

What part of the eye is this?
Identify the layers

The contraction of the ciliary muscle cause the ______ to _________.

The anterior surface of the eye is made up of __________ and _________.

The myoepithelial cells of of the ________ are responsible for ______ of the _________.

The dilator pupillae is innervated by ___________ neurons.

The posterior surface of the iris is a two layered epithelium. The basal surface contains___and ___ while the posterior surface contains______.

The sphinctor pupillae is located where?

The lens is a biconvex structure with an outer ______ layer and an inner core of _______. The oldest fibers will be found in the ___________ of the lens.

What is contained within a capsule and suspended by zonule fibers?

Cataracts occurs due to ?

Accomadation allows us to focus on _____ objects by contracting the ____________ and thus relaxing the _______. This allows the lens to become more__________.

What must occur in order for accomadation to take place?

Name the 3 chambers of the eye

What chamber is located anterior to the iris?

What chamber is located between the iris and the vitreous body?

The aqueous humor is produced by the _____ of the ______.

Glaucoma is caused by

What two spaces does the aq. humor filter through at the sclerocorneal junctions?

The inner layer of the eye consists of ....

The pigmented retina contains _____________ which seperates _____ from _____. The function of the pigmented retina is to__________.

Apical cytoplasmic extensions of the ____________, with lysosomes, envelop the rod and cone outer segments. This phagocytic action removes degenerating portions of rod and cone segments (in a circadian rhythm).

Loss of phagocytic action and build-up of debris results in ??

The neural retina contains the receptors and neurons for the transduction of ____________ signals into ___________signals.

The neural retina contains what 3 things?

1) ROD and CONE cells which are the photoreceptor cells which synapse on _________. 2) The bipolar neurons are the ______whose axons synapse on ___ cells. 3) The ganglion cells are ____whose axons reach the inner surface of the retina, then pass to the optic disk where they penetrate the ___ to form the optic nerve.

RODS: Specialized for ___ . Ten million ___rods than cones. They are found everywhere except in the _____.

Rods: Outer segment has ___(discs) that contain visually sensitive pigments and are free floating, being pinched off from other membranes. The inner segment has mitochondria and other normal organelles where __ are synthesized.

CONES: Specialized for ____and ____. Contain one of three visual pigments (red, green, blue)

Cones: Overall structure is similar to rods. Outer segment is __shaped. Discs in the outer segment are all ___. Discs are not renewed regularly as in rods, but ____ are.

RODS and CONES synapse with __ and ____ cells.

BIPOLAR CELLS: Input from ___. Output to retinal ___cells.

RETINAL GANGLION CELLS: Form the ganglion cell layer. Their axons form the axonal layer. Their axons, which are __, merge and leave the retina at the __. They then pass through the __where they are ____ and form the ___.

______ cells have processes which are horizontally oriented in layers where rod/cone cells synapse with bipolar cells.

____ cells have processes which are are horizontally oriented in layers where bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells.

_____ cells are specialized glial cells within the retina and they provide a structural framework. They are oriented radially, from the rods and cones to the axonal layer of the retinal ganglion cells.

_______ end feet form the outer and inner limiting membranes (areas of tight junctions restricting fluid flow.)

Branches of the ______ artery supply the eye. This artey gives rise to ____ and ___ arteries.

The ___ supply all of the nonneural structures of the eye.

The short posterior ciliary arteries supply the ___, the ____, and the ____, whereas the long posterior and anterior ciliary arteries supply the ___, ___, and _____.

The primary arterial supply to the retina is the ______.

The ______ divide into superior and inferior branches, each of which has a medial (nasal) and lateral (temporal) branch. These branches are end arteries which supply all layers of the ______except for the outer nuclear layer.

The outer nuclear layer is supplied by a _____ derived from posterior ciliary arteries.

_____ contains the fovea centralis, which is the area specialized for greatest visual acuity.

Only _____ exist in the fovea. All other cell layers are pushed aside so that light rays hit directly onto the photoreceptor cells.

______ reflexes keep the fovea oriented on the object of interest.

This is the structure where the central retinal artery enters the interior of the eye and the ganglion cell axons exit from the interior (the blind spot of the eye).