Bio 1 test 1

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

1. Treatment of thyroid cancer (radioactive iodide)

2. Auto-radiography--self radioactive picture

3. radio-dating. C₁₄'s half-life is 5000 years.

atoms like to fill their valance shells (except noble/inert gasses)

one atom gives another an electron, then the ions are attracted to their charges

how bad atoms want to fill their valance. O and N want it more that C and H

sharing electrons unevenly. H₂O--dipole

sharing electrons evenly. CH₄

when polar water surrounds an ion, like Cl^- (anion) or Na⁺(cation)

Like dissolves like

dipole-dipole attraction of separate molecules.

• 1. hydrogen bonds make high surface tension
• 2. water adheres and coheres
• 3. high heat of vaporization (liquid -> gas)
• 4. high specific heat
• 5. cools by evaporation
• 6. solvent: small and polar so can break up and surround
• 7. Most dense while still in liquid form (4 degrees C)
• 8. can ionize (a small part)

• - log (H⁺)
• - log (10^-5) = pH 5

100x more acidic (10 x 10)

# of electrons needed to fulfill the octet rule

• 1. Length (# carbons)
• 2. Branching (butane, 2-methylpropane=isobutane)
• 3. double bond position (1-butene, 2-butene)
• 4. presence of rings (Benzene, cyclohexane=aromatic)

different chemical with same molecular formula

structural, cis-trans, enantiomers

large groups on same side of double bond (top or bottom)

large groups on opposite sides of double bond (top and bottom)

mirror images. Can only exist with 4 different functional groups. Have L (left) and D (right) isomers with different properties (medical). Discovered by Louis Pasteur

-OH, hydroxyl group.

1 carbonyl group and multiple OH groups. Either an aldose or a ketose

=C=O Ketones (=C=O) inside or Aldehydes (-CHO) at end.

-CHO, terminating carbonyl group

=C=O Carbonyl group inside molecule

organic acid. -COOH (Amine + Carboxyl + R group = amino acid)

-N-H₂ Amine (Amine + Carboxyl + R group = amino acid)

-SH, -HS, Thiol

-SH, -HS, Sulfhydryl

-PO₄==

-CH₃ Methylated Compound

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

polysaccharide. Plant storage. Made of alpha glucose

type of starch. Made of beta glucose. Plant polysaccharide. Undigestible by animals. Plant cell wall.

defined by being insoluble in water (nonpolar). Not polymers

long carbon skeleton with carboxyl group at one end. Nonpolar. Part of many molecules (tails).

trigliceride, lipid. 3 fatty acid tails attached to 1 glycerol

man made fats with trans double bonds (hydrogenating)

lipid. Membrane component. Immediatly forms phospholipid by-layer in water. Contains PO₄ group (polar, hydrophilic), glycerol and 2 fatty acid tails (nonpolar, hydrophobic). If tail has 1 or more double bonds, it is unsaturated. Otherwise it is saturated.

removing a water molecule to connect two monomers into a polymer

inserting a water molecule to break apart a polymer

Carbohydrates [CH₂O]_n

simple sugar, carbohydrate. C₃H₆O₃

Simple sugar, carbohydrate. C₅H₁₀O₅.

Glucose. Simple sugar. Carbohydrate. C₆H₁₂O₆

polysaccharide of insects and fungi. Dissolving sutures

Monosaccharide. Hexose. Carbohydrate. C₆H₁₂O_6. Aldose. Forms ring.

simplest form of starch (unbranched). Long unbound chain of glucose structures

starch in a Y shape (like amylose or glycogen)

animal polysaccharide with lots of ends so it can break down faster.

animal fats containing no double bonds, so they freeze easily and are solid at room temperature

plant fats containing at least one double bond. Freezing point is high and they are liquid at room temperature

nonpolar lipid steroid with 4 fused rings. All other steroids (sex hormones) synthesized from it.

• enzymatic
• storage (milk (casein), egg whites (albumin), seeds)
• hormonal (insulin, vasopressin, oxytocin)
• contractile and motor proteins (actin, myosin)
• defensive (antibodies)
• transport (hemoglobin)
• receptor (chemoreceptors--smell)
• structural (keratin--hair, nails etc.)

peptide bonds (polypeptide is protein). Polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids

amino plus carboxyl group, around an asymmetric alpha carbon. The carbon is attached to these two groups, a hydrogen and the R group.

sequence of amino acids

hydrogen bonding in amino acids (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets)

R-group interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges)

multiple polypeptides held together by hydrogen bonds

changing the function and physical properties of proteins. Cooking egg whites or unwinding overlap (hair).

• Monomer of nucleic acid polymer (polynucleotide)
• 1. sugar pentose (DNA and RNA use ribose and deoxyribose. Deoxy has 1 less O)
• 2. phosphate group
• 3. Nitrogenous base
• Have a 5 end and a 3 end, and run antiparallel(highway)

• pyramidine (one fused cyclohexane)
• purine (two fused cyclohexanes)

Polynucleotide. Sugar and Phosphate form backbone, Nitroginous base forms ladder rungs. Hydrogen bonds create double helix.

saw first "prison cells" in cork

saw first microorganisms in pond water and semen

cell theory: all life is composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells..

ability to distinguish 2 dots as 2 dots

regular microscope, where light passes through the subject.

shoots electrons through object. Must be placed in a vacuum. Object must be dead. Can see organelles

internal cellular structures

dyes that allow cells to keep living

deli-slicer for cells

coat objects with gold and then excite electrons to get a 3D image on a screen. GOod for topography

see internal structures by coating with heavy metals like lead. Good for internal structures

density is amplified to enhance contrast

exaggerate density to make object look 3D

inject with fluorescence. Emits visible light

takes light from specific planes--sharper images

put cells in the blender, then centrifuge them. Weight makes them settle out separately.

Bacterial cells. Nucleoid--no membrane to contain DNA. Have ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall (proteoglycan), Capsule (polysaccharide slime), Flagella, Fibriae (pilis--sexual reproduction and anchorage).

half phospholipids, half proteins (transport proteins), carbohydrate side chain (markers to identify cells--blood type).

largest organelle in animal cells. Has all DNA. Has double membrane and nuclear pores.

ribosomes are made. DNA is contained here. So is chromatin (DNA and protein)

out in cytoplasm. Make proteins that work in cytosol

create proteins that are secreted from cell, work in membrane or lysosomes

nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, lysosomes, vacuoles/vesicles. Synthesizes proteins, transport of proteins into membranes or organelles or out of cell, metabolism and movement of lipids and detox of poisons

studded with ribosomes, makes membrane proteins. Stores them in lumen of ER (cisternae). Membrane is continous with nuclear envelope. Makes insulin, glycoproteins (proteins with carbs), membrane factory. Grows in place (adds to own membrane)

detoxification (drugs and poisons), stores calcium, synthesizes lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids)

"post office". Takes transport vesicles from rough Er in on Cis side, reads them, labels them and sends them out the trans side to the membrane. Cisternae with enzymes. Modifies glycoproteins, membrane phospholipids and makes polysaccharides

"splitting bodies". Little stomachs full of digestive enzymes performing phagocytosis and autophagy. Some are made by rough Er and golgi

"test tubes". Delicate enzymes are put in peroxisomes to work more efficiently

2nd largest organelle. Double membrane (inner folded membrane called cristae), own DNA and ribosomes. Cellular respiration. Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

when a tiny organism lives within a larger one long enough that they become a part of each other--mitochondria and chloroplasts

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments. Support, movement, anchorage of organelles, vesicle tracts

hollow tube. alpha and beta proteins. Major components of cilia and flagella. Also serves as spindle apparatus in mitosis. Centrisome hub. Tracks in cell (golgi to plasma), growth of plant cell wall.

actin filaments. Braided rope. Muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (organisms moving on actin tracks), clevage of cell. Ameboid movement. Bear tension, cell shape (cortex), so it's a gel not a liquid. Microvilli. Cytoplasmic streaming.

Tough proteins that give cell structure. different from cell to cell. Bear tension. More permanent than others. Hold cell shape, hold nucleus in place. Lamina.

consists of 2 centrioles. made of tubulin. spindle apparatus in mitosis

mostly sperm cells in animal, but in many plants (algae and fungi). involved in locomotion. Also cilia. movement. 9+2 arrangement.

motor. Bends flagella/cilia and makes it "walk" on microtubules.

inside of intestine. Convoluted surface of some cells. Plasma membrane's finger-like projections. Underneath each one is microfilament.

• Plant: chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall and plasmodema
• Animal: lysosomes, centrisomes
• Both: Nucleus, smooth Er, Rough Er, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, mitochondria, golgi, peroxisome, flagella

proteins that glue the cell walls together.

outside cell wall, loose mesh of proteins. Communication between inside and outside. In animal, collagen, proteoglycan.

the velcro that bonds cells and tissues.

little tubes connecting cells, letting ions and tiny molecules through.

the rubberband that prevents things from squeezing between the cells. Found in GI tract.

site of photosynthesis (opposite of cellular respiration). Double membranes. Inner membrane is green. Where chlorophyl (pigment) occurs. Thylakoid stacks (green), stroma (fluid) is outside. Has DNA and ribosomes. Mobile--move on cytoskeleton. Plastid.

big sac of water with ions and chemicals inside. Filler for plant cell.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂--> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36ATP

plants have 2--elastic primary while growing, secondary more substancial. Made of cellulose. Fights gravity, stops osmosis. Outside of plasma membrane. Microfibrils.

like gap junctions in animal cells. Passages that can open, close and dilate to allow proteins and mRNA to enter. Allow lots of communication, so plants act like 1 big super-cell.

recorded observations that are descriptions, not numbers

recorded observations of numbers and measurements

• observation
• hypothesis
• experimentation

logic in which generalizations are based on observations

logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise (if-then)

• control group
• repetition
• large, representative samples of all sides

C attached to 4 different atoms/molecules

covalent bonds between monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis, turning them into disaccharides