Bio 1 test 1

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

1. Treatment of thyroid cancer (radioactive iodide)

2. Auto-radiography--self radioactive picture

3. radio-dating. C₁₄'s half-life is 5000 years.

atoms like to fill their valance shells (except noble/inert gasses)

one atom gives another an electron, then the ions are attracted to their charges

how bad atoms want to fill their valance. O and N want it more that C and H

sharing electrons unevenly. H₂O--dipole

sharing electrons evenly. CH₄

Like dissolves like

dipole-dipole attraction of separate molecules.

• 1. hydrogen bonds make high surface tension
• 2. water adheres and coheres
• 3. high heat of vaporization (liquid -> gas)
• 4. high specific heat
• 5. cools by evaporation
• 6. solvent: small and polar so can break up and surround
• 7. Most dense while still in liquid form (4 degrees C)
• 8. can ionize (a small part)

• - log (H⁺)
• - log (10^-5) = pH 5

100x more acidic (10 x 10)

# of electrons needed to fulfill the octet rule

• 1. Length (# carbons)
• 2. Branching (butane, 2-methylpropane=isobutane)
• 3. double bond position (1-butene, 2-butene)
• 4. presence of rings (Benzene, cyclohexane=aromatic)

different chemical with same molecular formula

structural, cis-trans, enantiomers

large groups on same side of double bond (top or bottom)

large groups on opposite sides of double bond (top and bottom)

mirror images. Can only exist with 4 different functional groups. Have L (left) and D (right) isomers with different properties (medical). Discovered by Louis Pasteur

-OH, hydroxyl group.

=C=O Ketones (=C=O) inside or Aldehydes (-CHO) at end

-CHO, terminating carbonyl group

=C=O Carbonyl group inside molecule

organic acid. -COOH (Amine + Carboxyl + R group = amino acid)

-N-H₂ Amine (Amine + Carboxyl + R group = amino acid)

-SH, -HS, Thiol

-SH, -HS, Sulfhydryl

-PO₄==

-CH₃ Methylated Compound

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

polysaccharide

type of starch. Polysaccharide. Undigestible by humans (mostly plants)

defined by being insoluble in water (nonpolar)

trigliceride, lipid

lipid. Membrane component. Partially dissolves in water--immediatly forms phospholipid by-layer. Contains PO₄ group (polar, hydrophilic), glycerol and fatty acid tail (nonpolar, hydrophobic). If tail has 1 or more double bonds, it is unsaturated. Otherwise it is saturated.

removing a water molecule to connect two monomers into a polymer

inserting a water molecule to break apart a polymer

Carbohydrates [CH₂O]_n

simple sugar, carbohydrate. C₃H₆O₃

Simple sugar, carbohydrate. C₅H₁₀O₅.

Glucose. Simple sugar. Carbohydrate. C₆H₁₂O₆

Simple sugar. Hexose. Carbohydrate. C₆H₁₂O₆

simple sugar. Long unbound chain of glucose structures

animal sugar with lots of ends so it can break down faster.

animal fats containing no double bonds, so they freeze easily and are solid at room temperature

plant fats containing at least one double bond. Freezing point is high and they are liquid at room temperature

nonpolar lipid

• storage (milk (casein), egg whites (albumin), seeds)
• hormonal (insulin, vasopressin, oxytocin)
• contractile and motor proteins (actin, myosin)
• defensive (antibodies)
• transport (hemoglobin)
• receptor (chemoreceptors--smell)
• structural (keratin--hair, nails etc.)

peptide bonds (polypeptide is protein)

sequence of amino acids

hydrogen bonding in amino acids (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets)

R-group interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges)

multiple polypeptides together

changing the function and physical properties of proteins. Cooking egg whites or unwinding overlap (hair).

• 1. sugar pentose (DNA and RNA use ribose and deoxyribose)
• 2. phosphate group
• 3. Nitrogenous base

Sugar and Phosphate form backbone, Nitroginous base forms ladder rungs. Hydrogen bonds create double helix.

saw first "prison cells" in cork

saw first microorganisms in pond water and semen

cell theory: all life is composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells..

ability to distinguish 2 dots as 2 dots

regular microscope, where light passes through the subject.

shoots electrons through object. Must be placed in a vacuum. Object must be dead.

internal cellular structures

dyes that allow cells to keep living

deli-slicer for cells

coat objects with gold and then excite electrons to get a 3D image on a screen

see internal structures by coating with heavy metals like lead

density is amplified to enhance contrast

exaggerate density to make object look 3D

inject with fluorescence. Emits visible light

takes light from specific planes--sharper images

put cells in the blender, then centrifuge them. Weight makes them settle out separately.

Bacterial cells. Nucleoid--no membrane to contain DNA. Have ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall (proteoglycan), Capsule (polysaccharide slime), Flagella, Fibriae (pilis--sexual reproduction and anchorage).

half phospholipids, half proteins (transport proteins), carbohydrate side chain (markers to identify cells--blood type).

largest organelle in animal cells. Has all DNA. Has double membrane and nuclear pores.

ribosomes are made. DNA is contained here.

out in cytoplasm. Make proteins that effect cell

create proteins that are secreted from cell

studded with ribosomes, makes membrane proteins. Stores them in lumen of ER. Then sends to golgi.

detoxification, stores calcium, makes lipids

"post office". Takes transport vesicles from rough Er in on Cis side, reads them, labels them and sends them out the trans side to the membrane.

"splitting bodies". Little stomachs full of digestive enzymes performing phagocytosis and autophagy.

"test tubes". Delicate enzymes are put in peroxisomes to work more efficiently

2nd largest organelle. Double membrane (inner folded membrane called cristae), own DNA and ribosomes. Cellular respiration. Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

when a tiny organism lives within a larger one long enough that they become a part of each other--mitochondria and chloroplasts

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

hollow tube. alpha and beta proteins. Major components of cilia and flagella. Also serves as spindle apparatus in mitosis. Centrisomes.

actin filaments. Braided rope. Muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (organisms moving on actin tracks), clevage of cell. Ameboid movement.

Tough proteins that give cell structure. different from cell to cell.

consists of 2 centrioles. made of tubulin. spindle apparatus in mitosis

mostly sperm cells in animal, but in many plants (algae and fungi). involved in locomotion. Also cilia. movement. 9+2 arrangement.

inside of intestine. Convoluted surface of some cells. Plasma membrane's finger-like projections. Underneath each one is microfilament.

• Plant: chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall and plasmodema
• Animal: lysosomes, centrisomes
• Both: Nucleus, smooth Er, Rough Er, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, mitochondria, golgi, peroxisome, flagella

outside cell wall, loose mesh of proteins. Communication between inside and outside.

the velcro that bonds cells and tissues.

little tubes connecting cells, letting ions and tiny molecules through.

the rubberband that prevents things from squeezing between the cells. Found in GI tract.

site of photosynthesis (opposite of cellular respiration). Double membranes. Inner membrane is green. Where chlorophyl occurs. Thylakoid membrane (green) stroma is outside. Has DNA and ribosomes.

big sac of water with ions and chemicals inside. Filler for plant cell.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂--> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36ATP

plants have 2--elastic primary while growing, secondary more substancial. Made of cellulose

like gap junctions in animal cells. Passages that can open, close and dilate to allow proteins and mRNA to enter. Allow lots of communication, so plants act like 1 big super-cell.