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aboral
away from the mouth
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approximate (surgery)
to bring two surfaces together and make a flat surface
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evert (surgical)
To leave a raised scar (done with insufficient material)
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Stratum Corneum
most superficial layer of epidermis. All cells are dead. Corneum = tough, horn-like
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Stratum Basale
deepest layer of epidermis. Cells are alive
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Pinna
visible part of ear
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Nares
hole/opening of nostril
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nostril
cartiledge and skin around nares
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Sagittal plane
splits the body into left and right quadrants
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transverse plane
splits the body into caudal/cranial
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frontal plane
splits the body into top and bottom--legs and body
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keloid
raised, textured scar
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Divisions of abdomen
cranial, middle and caudal areas on each side (R and L)
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Common integument
skin, skin glands, claws, hooves, hair/fur, horns, antlers...
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largest organ in the mammalian body
skin
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Haircoat
topcoat. Wool hairs
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Layers of feathers
outer (contour) and inner (down)
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Sebaceous glands
produce sebum--waxy substance with pheromones
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sebum
waxy substance with pheromones
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cervid
deer (family of hoof stock)
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Sweat glands
apocrine and eccrine
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cardiac muscle
looks like both smooth and skeletel, but is involuntary
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smooth muscle
smooth, organs, involuntary
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skeletal
striated, voluntary
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luxation
when something in joint goes out of position and stays out
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proliferative arthritis
spreading arthritis
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femorotibial joint
knee or stifle
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synovial joint
most movement (stifle). Has capsule with fluid
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pivot joint
turns 90 degrees
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Skeletal system
includes bones, joints, cartilage. provides support, produces marrow, and stores some minerals (calcium, phosphorus)
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Pelvis
3 fused bones (cranial to caudal) Ilium, Ischium (hip joint), pubic bone (fibrous joint that opens a little for prenancy and birth)
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how far does the spinal cord extend?
sacrum. Does not continue into caudal vertebrae
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Axial skeleton
Mandible, maxilla, skull, spine, tail (horozontal)
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appendicular skeleton
limbs, ribs (anything that hangs) (vertical)
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Vertebrae #s
7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 fused sacral. Caudal are variable.
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purpose of lymphatic system
collect old WBCs, cellular debris, pathogens, etc, dump into vena cavae, run through lymph nodes, Lymphoma is common cancer in dogs and cats
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circulatory system is composed of
heart, arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels
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hemoglobin
constituent of RBC. Carries oxygen
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artery
carries blood away from heart. Most are oxygen rich
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vein
carries blood too the heart. Most are oxygen poor.
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Systemic circulation
throughout body
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pulmonary circulation
heart and lungs
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Pulmonary vein and artery
are the opposite. Artery is poor in oxygen and vein is rich in oxygen
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path of blood through heart
body--R. Atrium--R Ventricle--pulmonary artery--lung--pulmonary vein--L atrium--left vetricle, aorta--body
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real name of RBC and WBC
Erythrocyte and Leukocyte
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6 lymph nodes
Parotid (ear), submandibular (under jaw), prescapular (neck), axillary (armpit), inguinal (groin), popliteal (caudal to stifle)
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Portal circulation
liver--intestines--liver (circle)
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pulse deficit
when pulse is out of sync with heart rate
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renal arteries
aorta splits into two large branches near the groin.
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All blood cells start as stem cells and become, through a series of steps, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
know that.
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cloaca
in avians and reptiles, the place where waste exits. Includes eggs, feces and kidney product.
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cecum
fermenting vat of rabbits and horses. No use in cats, dogs or humans
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Prehension
picking food up and putting it in the mouth (lips, trunk, teeth, etc.)
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deglutition
swallowing of food
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pylorus
bottom, narrow part of stomach
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omentum
lace curtain that overlies organs in the abdomen
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chemicals produced by pancreas to increase digestion
amylase-starch, lipase-fat, trypsin-protein
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bile
produced by gallbladder. Good for digestion of fats.
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motility
ability fo intestine to move
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ileus
GI tract stops. No peristalsis.
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where is a cow's heart
between reticulum and rumen
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4 chambers of a cow's stomach
reticulum (honeycomb), rumen, omasum, abomasaum (like our stomach, with enzymes). First three have bacterial protozoans to help break down food.
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Peripheral nervous system
anything not the brain or spinal column
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Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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medulla
caudalmost part of brain. Narrows to become spinal cord. Pituitary hangs off brain (hypophysis)
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how many cranial nerves?
12
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somatic
having to do with the body
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sciatic
sciatic=ischiatic=PNS nerve. Huge nerve from pelvis down pelvic limb.
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motor neuron
tells muscle to move
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sensory neuron
monitors environment
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Reflexes
neural pathways from the spinal cord, not the brain
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Cortex
part of the brain that's mostly dorsal and rostral. Integrates and thinks
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cerebellum
caudal to cortex. part of autonomic NS. Motor function
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Autonomic NS
sympathetic or parasympathetic.
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sympathetic NS
fight or flight
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parasympathetic NS
rest and digest
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brainstem
caudal brain. cranial nerves
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excretory system
includes renal, GI and endocrine
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renal artery is filtered by
glomerulus
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glomerulus
1st part fo kidney. Thin tubes
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renal system responsibilities
filters all blood. Reabsorb big molecules get rid of rest. Calls for more RBCs if necessary
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renal system
blood enters through renal artery--cortex--renal pelvis--exits through ureter
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ureter
where urine exits the kidney
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feline ovulation
stimulated ovulators. Go through heat cycles, but don't ovulate until after sex
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where is egg fertilized in domestic animals
oviduct
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where puppies and kittens develop in vitro
uterine horns, in separate placentas. Only at birth do they move into the uterus.
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how many teats to horses have
2
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how many teats to cows have
4
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Mastitis
inflammation of mammary gland.
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adrenal gland secretions
ephinephrine and norephinephrin, prednisone and estrogen, testosterone
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what is the master gland
pituitary
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