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Border Disease
4 Syndromes
- Early embryonic mortality
- Abortion and stillbirth
- Congenital malformations
- Birth of small, weak lambs w/immunosuppression
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Border Disease
Who does it affect?
- Newborn sheep
- Congenital infection of BDV during first half of gestation
- Recovered lambs are PI (congenital/horizontal transmission)
- Cross species infection (cattle)
- Pestivirus (like BVDV, Hog cholera; family Flaviviridae)
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Border Disease
Clinical Signs
Control
- Tremors, ataxia, hairy birth coat, low birth weight, facial bone malformations, short-boxy stature, eye abnormalities
- No efficacious vaccines
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Poxviridae
Disease
Distribution
Transmission
- Worldwide
- Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Contagious Ecthyma)
- -Parapoxvirus, 6 serotypes
- -Milker's nodule/ORF (in humans)
- Transmitted by direct and indirect contact; suckling lambs
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Poxviridae
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
Signs and lesions, Diagnosis
- Pustular and scabby lesions on muzle and buccal commissures, ears, vulva, prepuce, and lips
- Systemic signs are rare (gastroenteritis or bronchopneumonia)
- Diagnosis: clinical signs and/or EM
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Poxviridae
Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Viruses
Genus, survival, economic importance, etc
- Genus: Capripox, 1 serotype
- Survival in scabs for 3 months, contagious
- Limits trade
- European breeds more susceptible
- 50-100% mortality (systemic disease)
- Only sheep and goats; wild ungulates not affected
- EXOTIC, NOTIFIABLE
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Poxviridae
Sheep and Goat Pox
Clinical signs/lesions
- Fever, lacrimation, salivation, nasal discharge
- Depression and anorexia
- Eruptions on hairless skin: groin, scrotum, below tail, eyelids, lips, cheeks, nostrils, udder, vulva
- Swollen LN
- Macules>papules>pustules>scabs
- Lambs - malignant form w/high mortality; lesions in oral cavity, digestive, and resp tracts
- Nodular form: stone pox
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Poxviridae
Sheep and Goat Pox
Differentials
- Contagious ecthyma
- Bluetongue
- Mycotic dermatitis
- Sheep scab, Mange, Photosensitization, Peste de petits ruminants
- Parasitic pneumonia, Caseous lymphadenitis, Insect bites
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Poxviridae
Sheep and Goat Pox
Diagnosis
- Clinical: suspect in animals with characteristic full-thickness skin lesions, fever and lymphadenitis
- Lab: VI, EM, VN, IFA
- Histopath: epidermal/epithelial hyperplasia and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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Poxviridae
Sheep and Goat Pox
Prevention and Control
- Non-endemic Areas: import restrictions and quarantine
- Prevent intro of infected animal products (meat, hair, wool, hides)
- Outbreak in non-endemic area:
- -quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect
- -ring vaccination
- No carrier state
- Isolate infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days after recovery
- Vax: live and inactivated
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Bluetongue Virus
Genetics, Serotypes, Transmission, Hosts
- Family: Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus
- DS-RNA
- Closely related to Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of deer
- 24 serotypes worldwide, 6 in US
- Non-contagious: insect-borne
- Ruminants - sheep are primary host, can also infect cattle, goats, and deer
- Lost trade and animal testing
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Bluetongue Virus
Transmission
- Biting midges (biological vector)
- -genus Culicoides-principal vector
- Ticks, sheep keds (mechanical vector)
- In utero
- Mechanical
- Venereal?
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Bluetongue Virus
Clinical Signs in Sheep
- Incubation: 6-8 days
- Depression, fever, oral hyperemia
- Ulcers of lips, gums, dental pad
- Cyanosis of tongue
- Coronitis, laminitis
- Abortions
- Morbidity 80-100%
- Mortality 0-50%
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Bluetongue Virus
Lesions
- Hemorrhages in heart, LN
- Congenital hypoplasia of cerebellum in aborted lambs
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Bluetongue Virus
Diagnosis
- Clinical Signs
- History
- -season when insects are active
- -wasting foot rot
- Laboratory: VI (do not freeze samples), ELISA, PCR, IFA, VN, serology, complement fixation, examination of proteins (differentiate from related diseases)
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