Cognitive Psych.txt

Study of the Mental operations that support peoples aquisition and use of knowledge

The psychological approach that attempts to identify what occurs during the various stages of processing information

Part of memory that holds un-analyzed sensory information for a fraction of a second, for further analysis

Stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified

part of attention where information is blocked ( not recognized ) while other information passes through recognized

Stage that follows pattern recognition & determines which information person will try to remember

Memory that has limited capacity and lasts approximately 20 to 30 seconds without trying to remember

Memory that has NO capacity limits & lasts from minutes to a lifetime

The flow of information from the sensory store toward LTM

The flow of information FROM LTM toward the sensory store

Approach that emphasizes the association between a stimulus and a response, without identifying the mental operations that produced the response

study of how to produce computer programs that perform intellectual tasks

temporally ordered sequence of operations for carrying out a task

interdisciplinary attempt to study cognition

Study of the relation between cognitive processes and brain activities

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron emisions to study brain activity with radioactive tracers

event related potential diagnostics using electrodes to measure brain waves

A box that presents visual stimuli at a specified duration, and level of ilumination for controlled conditions

• An un-analyzed pattern that is matched against alternative patterns by using degree of overlap measuring similarity
• ** least used theory ***

amount of time between the end of a stimulus & beginning of another stimulus

pattern recognition that describes patterns in terms of their parts or features

measure of the frequency with which two patterns are mistakenly identified as each other

feature present in one pattern but absent in another

exaggeration of distinctive features

theory that specifies how the features of a pattern are joined to other features of the pattern

Different 3-D shapes that combine to form 3-D patterns

task requiring observers to report everything they see in a display of items

Task where observers are cued to report only certain items in a display of items

Sensory store that maintains visual information for approximately 1/4 second

Repeating verbal information to keep it active in STM or transfer to LTM

Sperlings model maintaining verbal information in STM through rehearsal

Carrying out one operation at a time

carrying out more than one operation at a time

Attention component of Sperlings model that determines what is recognized in the visual information store

Observers have to specify which of two possible target patterns is present in a display

Accuracy in recognizing a letter is higher when the letter is in a word then when it appears alone or in a non-word.

Theory that both feature knowledge and word knowledge combine to provide information about the identity of letters in a word

Positive association between concepts that belong together

Negative association between concepts that do not belong together

Information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision

Concepts ( nodes ) are linked to other concepts through excititory and inhibitory connections to approximate the behavior of neural networks in the brain

The format for representing concepts in a semantic network

Determines how inhibitory and excititory connections combine to determine the total activation of a concept

Selective aspects of attention. Pay attention to some, ignore others.

Explain how people select information when some information processing stage becomes overloaded with too much information

Investing mental effort in one or more tasks

The amount of mental capacity required to perform a task

We have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perform at the same time

Bottleneck occurs at the Patern recognition stage & attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage

Broadbents model of pattern recgonition with stage protected by the filter from becoming overloaded.

Experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud

Influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns

Minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aware of a stimulus

Decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message

Bottleneck occurs when the information is selected for memory

limited amount of capacity is distributed to various tasks

Physiological state that influences the distribution of mental capacity to various tasks

Automatic influence where people direct their attention

Conscious decision to allocate attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment

Peoples intentions and the demands of the task determine the information processing stage at which information is selected

Task typically measures how quickly people can react to a target stimulus to evaluate the capacity demands of the primary task

Performing mental operations that require very little mental effort

It takes longer to name a color of the ink a word is printed in when the word is the name of a competeing color. Red

Learning that occurs when we do not make a conscious effort to learn

Use of STM as a temporary store for information needed to accomplish a particular task

Forgetting occurs BECAUSE other material interfers with the information in memory

Information is spontaneously lost over time, even when there is no interference from other material

Forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered AFTER learning

Forgeting that occurs because of interference from material encountered BEFORE learning

Reducing pro-active interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

Number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items

Identifying stimuli that vary along a single sensory continuum

A cluster of items that has been stored as a unit in LTM

Memory code based on the sound of the stimulus

Memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

An error that sounds like the correct answer

Any of the basic sounds of a language that are combined to form speech

Silently speaking to oneself

Substituting a word with similar meaning for one of the words in a sentence

Changing the order of the words in a sentence to change the meaning of the sentence

Using different words to express the same ideas in a sentence

Set of items in STM that can be compared against a test item to determine if the test item is stored there.

Search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully matched to an item in the memory set

Search that continues until the test item is compared to all items in the memory set

Create visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with memory codes in STM

Sequentially compare a test item with items in STM to find a match

Measure of change along an axis

Component of Baddleys Working Memory Model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information

Component of Baddleys WMM that maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information

Component of Baddleys WMM that manages the use of working memory

Integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes

James ( 1890 )

Kohler ( 1925 )

Broadbent ( filter model ) 1958

1963, Information processing model where sensory store, Pattern rec. and STM influence performance

Neisser ( 1967 )

Cognitive science ( 1989 )

1974 Sensory store ( square matrix random filled cells )

Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development ( 1969 )

1971 perceptual confusion ( tachistoscope )

1975 compared gibson & townsend = some features more important than others causing confusions

The ability to understand how all the parts of a problem fit together.

1932 Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology

Watson 1924, argued, is psychology science?

Structural correspondence of Geons

• 1960 How many letters can we recognize during brief exposure
• 4.5 avg

• Visual Info Store
• Scan ( attention, pattern recognition )
• Auditory Info Store

Pattern Recognition: letters are composed of features.

• Word recognition :
• word condition
• letter condition
• non-word condition

Part of the environment or trains of thought ( selective attention )

Attenuation model (shadowing ) repeating what was heard

• Broadbent = Early selection - sensory to filter
• Treisman = Early selection - filter to pattern recognition
• Deutsch & Deutsch = Late selection - pattern to selection

• 1973 Attention and Effort:
• Mental efort important to attention
• capacity theory of mental effort
• performance breaks down with demand.

Posner & Snyder ( 1975 ) Automatic skills without intention, awarenenss & interference

Some cognitive operations automatic from childhood

complex skills require many processes or component skills

Visual presentations of digits. ( degraded test digit ) degrading affects memory comparison and coding time.

• 1974
• VisuoSpatial SketchPad
• Central Executive
• Phonological loop
• tried to figure out which component important in given task

• Expanded theory to include:
• Episodic Buffer
• Visual Semantics
• Episodic LTM
• Language

Rehearsal, coding, Imagery, *** ways to remember, rehearsal least effective

Influence aquisition and retrieval on choice of strategies

Geting information into LTM

• Random order ( know, so no studying )
• Learner controlled ( Some know, but learn and get better )
• Response sensitive ( few know, but best results overall )