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what are the 4 clades of seedless vascular plants?
club moss, horsetail, whisk ferns, ferns
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club moss have?
microphylls (simple scale-like leaves)
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what do horsetail, whisk ferns and ferns have?
microphylls
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what does horsetail have that is impregnated with silica?
reduced megaphylls that form whorls
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what is another name for horstails?
scouring rush
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which clade has reduced or no megaphyll?
whisk ferns
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what has megaphylls with branching vascular strands; emerge as fiddleheads (rabbit fern)
leptosporangiate ferns
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describe the sporangia found in leptosporangiate ferns?
found in clusters, thin walls 1 cell thick, protected by indusium
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applications of seedless vascular plants?
club mosses were used as "flash powder" in photography in the 1800s.
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characteristics of seed plants?
sperm doesnt swim to egg, has vascular tissue, secondary growth, gametophytes are greatly reduced, all are heterosporous, have seeds
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two types of vascular tissue?
xylem, phloem
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what does xylem contain?
tracheids and sometimes vessel elements
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which xylem has vessel elements?
gnetophytes, angiosperm
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what is a growth that contributes to a growth in diameter?
secondary growth
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what causes secondary growth?
accumulation of xylem (wood)
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what are some advantages of secondary growth?
provides support to grow taller, facilitates light absorption and seed dispersal,
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what plant is always woody?
gymnosperms
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what develops while attached to sporophyte and is nutritionally dependent on it?
gametophyte
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what are the 2 types of spores developed by meiosis (sporophyte 2n)
microspore, megaspore
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what develops into tiny microgametophyte (pollen
grain) which produces 2 sperm by mitosis.?
microspore
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what is a male gametophyte that is dispersed by wind or animal?
pollen
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develops into microscopic megagametophyte which
produces 1 egg by mitosis which is retained in megagametophyte
megaspore
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what is the fusion of sperm and egg?
fertilization
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what are the 3 generations that seeds contain tissues from?
seed coat, nutritive tissue, embryo
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what is developed from the integument of a parent sporophyte?
seed coat
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what is developed from the female gametophyte?
nutritive tissue
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what is the new sporophyte?
embryo
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what are the advantages of seeds?
protection, dispersal, nourishment, extended period of dormancy,
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what do embryos of seedless plants develop into?
sporophytes that often die due to unstable conditions
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