GI Micro

• Gram (+) grape like clusters
• Catalase (+)
• b-hemolytic
• coagulase (+): fibrin formation around the bac
• Protein A: bind the Fc portion of IgG
• Leukocidins
• Penicillinase

• Proteins to Tunnel Tunnel Through Tissue
• Hyaluronidase, Staphylokinase, Lipase, Protease

• Exotoxin Assault Weaponry
• Exfoliatin (scalded skin syndrome)
• Enterotoxins
• Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (superantigen binds to MHCII--> Tcell outpouring of cytokines)

• Enterotoxins:
• - grow in food
• - 1-6 hr onset; <24 hrs duration
• - heat stable, resistant to hydrolysis by gastric & jejunal enzyme
• - acute inflammation of gastric and SI mucosa
• - binds to neural receptors in the gut --> stimulate vomiting center
• - vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and occasionally fever

MRSA- resistant to b-lactams due to altered penicillin-binding protein

Causes acute bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis

• gram (+) facultative anaerobic spore-forming rods
• motile, non-encapsulated, penicillin resistant, b-hemolytic

• Enterotoxic: similar to ETEC and cholera
• - lay spores in food
• - germinate in the food and release their enterotoxin
• - heat-labile toxin: rice; onset >6 hr, duration: 20-36 hrs
• increase cAMP which inhibit NaCl absorption and
• increase NaCl secretion. Nausea, abdominal pain and
• watery diarrhea
• - heat stable toxin: meat, vegetables; onset <6 hrs;
• duration: 8-20hrs; Severe nausea and vomiting.

gram (+) anaerobic spore-forming rods

antibiotics (clindamycin or ampicilin) --> kill normal flora (5-10days) --> Clostridium difficule grows spontaneously --> release Toxin A and B --> diarrhea, abdominal cramping and fever --> on colonoscopy reveal red inflammed mucosa, & areas of white exudate (pseudomembranes colitis) --> detect cytotoxin and enterotoxin in feces --> Rx Metronidazole or vancomycin

• Toxin A: enterotoxin stimulate infiltration of PMN into ileum -->induce cytokine production -->disrupts tight cell
• junctions
• Toxin B: cytotoxic causes actin depolarization --> loss of
• cell cytoskeleton --> cell death

gram (-) faculative anaerobes rod, oxidase (-)

• EMB agar: inhibit growth of gram (+); deep purple to back colonies
• MacConkey agar: bile salt inhibit gram (+); pink-purple colonies
• Sorbitol MacConkey: all E. coli except EHEC grow

• Antigenic Classification
• O antigen: the most external component of LPS (O=Outer)
• K antigen: capsule (Kapsule) that covers the O antigen
• H antigen: subunits of the bacterial flagella

• Diarrhea
• No Cell Invasion: SI, self-limiting (3-5 days), liq
• feces....ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, V. Cholera, V.
• parahaemolyticus, C. perfringers, Giardia lambica,
• cryptosporidium spp
• Invasion of the interstinal epithelial cells: LI, blood and
• pus in feces, last longer... EIEC, Shigella, Salmonella
• enteritidis, Entamoeba histolytica
• Invasion of the lymph nodes and blood: system
• symptoms of fever, headache and white blood cell count
• elevation... Salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica,
• Campylobacter jejuni

• Diseases
• - diarrhea
• - Urinary tract infection
• - neonatal meningitis
• - sepsis in hospitalized patients

yellow colonies, affects infants worldwide at low dose and adults at high dose

• P --> P
• BfpA: Bundle forming pilus- attachment to enterocytes
• Type III secretion system of Tir
• intimin- modification of enterocyte cytoskeleton protein

binding of bacteria --> flattening of microvilli and formation of filamentous actin pedestals disrupt intestinal absorption --> malabsoption --> H20 diarrhea

Chronic H₂O diarrhea associated w/ growth retardation in children and persistant diarrhea in AIDS patients.

more common in developing countries

AAF- autoagglutination in a "stacked brick"

dec fluid absorption due to biofilm on intestinal surface

pInv gene: invasion gene on plasmid

invade the epithelial cells-->immune mediated inflammation (fever) --> necrosis

bloody diarrhea w/ leukocytes

clinical manifestation similar to Shigella

• Rx: TMP-SMX, ciprofloxacin

Reservoir: intestine of healthy cattle

infection: uncooked beef, P--> P, H₂O

release Shiga-like toxin (lysogenic bacteriophage): inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 60S ribosome --> Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) w/ anemia, thrombocytopena, and acute renal failure which might need dialysis <-- O157:H7

Bloody diarrhea w/out leukocytes

DOES NOT ferment sorbitol

• Cfa (colonization factor=pili)
• LT= heat labile toxin = AB toxin...LTA binds to
• ADPribosylates protein and increase cAMP --> inc NaCl
• secretion and dec NaCl absorption
• ST= heat stabile toxin= activation of cGMP

• rice water diarrhea

• nonmotile green colonies, acid resistant
• require only 10¹ organisms
• doesn't ferment lactose and doesn't produce H₂S
• HUMANS are the only hosts...ALWAYS a pathogen
• infect preschool children and nursing homes
• WASH hands

invade intestinal epithelial cells (fever, shallow ulcers) and release Shiga toxin

Enter mucosa through M cells on Peyer patches --> enter underlying macrophages --> cytokine production --> leukocyte distroy tight junctions --> bacteria invade basal surface of epithelial cells --> cell to cell spread using actin and other cytoskeleton protein

bloody diarrhea w/ leukocytes

Rx: TMP-SMX, ciprofloxacin

• motile blue green colonies w/ black centers, acid sensitive
• doesn't ferment lactose but produce H₂S; Vi antigen
• lives in GI tracts of ANIMALS (turtles, chicken, and uncooked eggs)
• ALWAYS a pathogen

• 1. ruffles- plasma membrane sites w/ filamentous actin cytoskeletal --> rearrangement
• 2. invasion- bacteria are captured by dendritic cells and transported to lymph nodes. some bac escape to bloodstream --> bacteriemia
• 3. inflammation

• motile blue green colonies w/ black centers, acid sensitive
• doesn't ferment lactose but produce H2S, Vi antigen
• HUMANS are the only hosts....ALWAYS a pathogen

• - after invading the intestinal epithelial cells (M cells and macrophages) it invades the regional lymph nodes --> inflammation and ulceration of payer patches
• - 1-3 weeks after exposure and includes fever, headache and abdominal pain usually localized to RLQ mimicks appendicitis, spleen may enlarge, rose spots on the abdomen, cholecystitis, septicemia

constipation more freq than diarrhea

culture blood or feces

• Carrier State: harbor typhi in their gallbladders and excrete bacteria constantly...are n't actively infected themselves
• Rx: Fluoroquinolones

gram (-) rod, w/ bipolar staining, Zoonotic pathogen, can grow at cold temp

severe pain in RLQ mimicking appedicits

• Invasion: Yops (type III secretion system)
• -invade M cells...spread to regional lymph nodes and the bloodstream. Mesenteric LN swell and sepsis can develop

Enterotoxin: diarrhea w/ blood and pus, fever, abdominal pain

pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk or pork. common outbreak in day care centers.

gram (-) curved rods, faculitative anaerobe, oxidase (+), motile, growth on alkaline media-susceptible to stomach acid, grow on TCBS: Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose agar

NO p--> p transmission

• Tcp: co-regulated pilus-bacteria attaches to the epithelial cells
• Choleragen (Ctx): released cholera toxin (AB-lysogenic phage). hypersecretion of electrolytes & H₂O. same mech as ETEC.

Rice Water diarrhea

gram (-) curved rods, faculitative anaerobe, oxidase (+), motile, growth on alkaline media-susceptible to stomach acid. Warm coastal marine bacteria.

uncooked seafood (sushi)

Japan

• self limiting

gram (-) curved/spiral (gall wing) rods, faculitative anaerobe- microaerophilic atmosphere, oxidase (+), motile,grow at as high temp as 42C, Zoonotic disease: domestic animals, unpasteurized milk and poultry,

Major cause of diarrhea in US children

colonization --> toxin production --> translocation --> cell invasion --> inflammatory response diarrhea w/ blood and pus in stool

Complications: Guillain Barre Sydrome, reactive arthritis

gram (-) curved rods, faculitative anaerobe, oxidase (+), motile, growth on alkaline media

mucous layer invasion --> alternation of gastric acid production --> gastric inflammation --> tissue distruction

• Mucinase & phospholipase: disrupt gastric mucus penetration of mucous layer
• Flagella: penetration into gastric mucous layer
• urease (+): ammonium neutralizes gastric acid
• cytotoxins: death of gastric epithelial cells

duodenal ulcers, peptic gastric ulcer, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

Diagnosis: biopsy, stool antigen test, urea breath test, PCR

Rx: PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin

gram (+), spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli

alpha- toxin (lecithinase, a phospholipase) causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene)--> CT scan reveals pockets of gas w/in the muscles and subcutaneous tissue. as the enzymes degrade the muscles, a thin, blackish fluid exudes from the skin.

palpation reveals a moist, spongy crackling consistency to the skin = crepitus

H₂O diarrhea mild and self limiting from enterotoxin produced during sporulation in the gut.

free-living, single celled, eucaryotic cells w/ a cytoplasmic membrane and cellular organelles, mitochondria, food vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum

It's the cyst form that is infective when ingested by humans. Following ingestion it converts back into the motile form, trophozoite

Protozoa, pseudopodia, asymptomatic infections, bloody (dysentery) diarrhea, may penetrate the portal blood circulation forming abscesses in the liver, followed by spread through the diaphragm into the lung. Causes pulmonary abscesses that often is deadly.

excystation in SI --> trophozoites go to LI multiply and produce cyst (encystation)--> feces

trophozoites can convert to a precyst form (contain aggregates of ribosomes, called chromotoid bodies, food vacuoles and two nuclei)

Mature cyst contain four nuclei

Trophozoites: single nucleus w/ a central karyosome and uniform peripheral chromatin. red blood cells in the cytoplasm suggest active disease

• Rx: metronidazole, tinidazole (DNA damage through the reactive reduction metabolites occurs in anaerobes/protozoals, inhibit 450)
• Tinidazole- intestinal colonization. Invasion: metronidazole followed by iodoquinol

protozoa, asymptomatic infections, watery diarrhea

excystation in SI --> trophozoits attach to mucosa by ventral sucking disk (coats the SI, interfearing w/ fat absorption- HORRIBLE ODOR) --> encystation as going toward colon

do NOT invade the intestinal wall but inflammation reaction to damaged epithelial cells is present

Sewage contamination, beavers, rodents (campers, hikers)- H2Oborne outbreak

• Rx: metronidazole, tinidazole (DNA damage through the reactive reduction metabolites occurs in anaerobes/protozoals, inhibit 450), Nitrazoxanide (inhibits the pryruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase pathway)

protozoa, asymptomatic infections, acid fast stain (oocysts identified), watery diarrhea

round oocyst (4 motile sporozoites). life cycle occurs w/in the intestinal epithelial cells --> paralize --> causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. Self limited in immunocompetent individuals. AIDS and immunosuppressed individuals severe diarrhea (>50 stools/day)

in water parks, community swinning pools (not killed by cholorination)

Nitrazoxanide (inhibits the pryruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase pathway)

mature into adults w/in the human intestinal tract

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) acquired by ingestion of eggs.

Necator americanus (hook worm), Strongyloides stercoralis penetrate though the skin

Trichinella spiralis acquired byt he ingestion of encysted larvae in muscle (pork meat)

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) stay in the intestinal tract

most common worldwide, largest nematode, asymptomatic

egg --> larvae in SI --> blood --> lungs --> coughed and swallowed --> mature to adults in SI -->eggs --> excreted in feces

invade bile ducts, gall bladder, appendix and liver

children suffer from malabsorption

Diagnosis: eggs (round/oval knobby; thick shell; external layer stained bile); adults/larve in sputum

Rx: Albendazole or mebendazole (preventing microtubule polymerization & impair glucose uptake); pyrantel pamoate (agonist of nematode Ach-NR causes contraction & paralysis of parasites)

2nd most common nematode,

larval form lives in the soil and eats bacteria and vegetation --> transforms into a long slender filariform larvae that can penetrate skin of feet --> lung alveoli --> coughed and swallowed --> adult worm in the SI --> eggs in the feces

hookworm sucks blood from teh wall of the intestine --> causes iron deficiency anemia

diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss; intense itching and rash at the site of penetration through the skin

Diagnosis: non-bile stained segmented eggs; thin shell developing larva inside

Albendazole or mebendazole (preventing microtubule polymerization & impair glucose uptake); pyrantel pamoate (agonist of nematode Ach-NR causes contraction & paralysis of parasites)

• causes chronic/recurrent infection
• larval form (rhabditiform) lives in the soil and eats bacteria and vegetation --> transforms into a long slender filariform larvae that can penetrate skin of feet --> lung alveoli --> coughed and swallowed --> adult worm in the SI --> eggs hatch in the intestine --> filariform larvae has three fates:
• 1. autoinfection: go to lung and continue the cycle
• 2. pass out in the feces and infect the next individual
• 3. pass out in the stool --> develop into male and female --> produce fertilized eggs --> hatch --> infect humans

vomiting, abdominal bloating, diarrhea, anemia and weight loss, prurititic rash

when patients given immunosuppressive medications such as prednisone --> develop severe autoinfection --> filariform larvae invade the intestine, lung and other organs causing pneumonia, ARDS, and multi-organ failure.

Diagnosis: rhabditiform larvae in feces

• Albendazole or mebendazole (preventing microtubule polymerization & impair glucose uptake); ivermectin (GABA mediated signal transduction cause worm paralysis)

slow life cycle, eggs hatch in GI tract --> migrate to LI --> mature adult produce thousands of eggs/day for one year --> eggs must incubate in moist soil for 3-6 weeks before they become infective

appendicitis, rectal prolapse, abdominal pain and diarrhea

Diagnosis: look like barrel shaped eggs w/ bipolar plugs/ bile stained

mebendazole

most common in US; infections freq in school/preschool child; humans only host; autoinfection (retroinfection)

eggs --> adult in cecum and ascending LI --> female migrates to perianal area at night to lay her eggs --> perianal itching (pruritus) --> scratch --> infect

Diagnosis: scotch tape pick up eggs (ova flattened on one side larvae inside) in the morning before defecation & washing

• mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate (treat the whole family)

• eggs ingested from handling puppies/cats
• visceral larva migrans: larvae wander aimlessly until they die because larvae is outside of its natural host
• cause inflammation; can cause blindness if larvae endup in retina
• Rx: Mebenazole, surgery

• long and flat like a typewriter ribbon worms
• don't have digestive tract --> suck up nutrients that have already been digested by their host
• hermaphrodites
• consists of a chain of boxlike segments called proglottids
• Scolex the head has suckers/hooks

uncooked pork (pigs/swine) infected w/ larvae --> tapeworm attaches to the mucosa of the intestine via hooks on its scolex --> release eggs

in the animal's muscle tissue, the larvae develop into another larval form, the cysticercus --> round fluid-filled bladder w/ the larval form w/in

cysticercosis occurs when humans play the role of the pig and ingest eggs rather than encysted larvae --> eggs hatch w/in small intestine --> larvae migrate throughout the body (brain (neurocystecercosis)and skeletal m (no symptoms) most common, causes blurry and disturbed vision in the eyes)

• Praziquantel: increase permeablity of cell membranes to Ca2+ resulting paralysis & death. Bitter taste
• use -bendazole for nurocysticercosis

• same life cycle as Taenia solium whoever don't develop cysticerci when ingest eggs
• intermediate hosts (cattles)
• undercooked beef muscle
• benign

• ingesting larvae from raw freshwater fish....ingestion of rare/raw pickled fish containing a sparganum (plerocercoid)
• 2 intermediate: crustacean and a fish

Causes B12 deficiency anemia

Praziquentel

• Definitive host: carnivores in sheep-raising areas
• ingestion of eggs --> larvae can go almost anywhere, liver is most common site where it forms hydatid cysts
• Causes anaphylaxis if echinococcal antigens are released from cysts (surgeons inject ethanol before removal to kill daughter cysts)