-
ATP synthetase
an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyzes the formation of ATP
-
bundle sheath
- a
- tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds a vascular bundle in the
- leaves of C4 plants, plants such as crabgrass and corn in which carbon
- dioxide is fixed twice
-
Calvin cycle
the cycle that incorporates carbon dioxide in sugars during photosynthesis; uses chemical energy previously converted from light energy
-
CAM
- crassulacean-acid metabolism; an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions in which carbon dioxide entering open stomates at night is converted into organic acids that release carbon dioxide during the day when the
- stomates are closed
-
chemoautotroph
an organism that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
-
chemoheterotroph
an organism that must consume organic compounds for energy and carbon
-
chlorophyll
the green pigments of plants and many microorganisms; converts light energy (via changes involving electrons) to chemical energy that is used in biological reactions
-
chloroplast
an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists; the site of photosynthesis
-
light reactions
the energy-capturing reactions in photosynthesis
-
limiting factor
an environmental factor such as food, temperature, water, or sunlight that restricts growth, metabolism, or population size
-
NADP
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; a hydrogen carrier in photosynthesis
-
photoheterotroph
an organism that derives energy from light but requires a source of organic compounds
-
photoinhibition
damage to the light-gathering process in photosynthesis; occurs when a chloroplast has absorbed too much light energy
-
photorespiration
a metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and reduces photosynthesis
-
pigment
any coloring matter or substance
-
rate
the amount of change over a period of time
-
The colors in this hot spring are from ____, bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances. 
chemoautotrophs
-
Which of the following is the smallest structure within the mechanism that creates photosynthesis in plants?
the granum
-
The light reactions of photosynthesis convert visible light into what?
chemical energy
-
The second part of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, uses ATP and NADPH energy to convert carbon dioxide into what?
sugars
-
In plants, much of the PGAL produced in photosynthesis is converted to which sugar, easily transported and used?
sucrose
-
A decline in photosynthesis, caused by damaging molecules produced by a saturation of light energy, is known as what?
photoinhibition
-
The graph shows that as temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis does what?
increases, then declines
-
What effect does photorespiration have on photosynthesis?
it slows it down
-
What is CAM?
an adaptation of photosynthesis in desert plants
-
Why do scientists think that C3 plants are showing increased growth in many parts of the world?
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere favor their growth
-
Chemoautotrophs fix ____, usually with the Calvin cycle, using a variety of energy sources
carbon dioxide
-
Chemoautotrophs usually get their energy from an inorganic mineral such as ____.
iron
-
In which of the following environments would you be most likely to find chemoautotrophs?
in a deep-sea volcanic vent
-
What role do chemoautotrophs play in turning this stream water, polluted by a copper mine, a brown color?
They oxidize copper ions in the mine drainage.
-
Nitrogen-oxidizing bacteria contribute to ____ growth by oxidizing ammonium ions to nitrite ions and nitrite to nitrate ions, which are more readily absorbed.
plant
-
Bacteria that use CO2 as their source of carbon and oxidize inorganic substances to obtain energy are known as ____.
chemoautotrophs
-
What do photoautotrophic cells use to absorb visible light?
pigments
-
The reactions that produce PGAL are represented by which part of the figure?
the Calvin cycle
-
What are the forms of chemical energy created during photosynthesis before the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
-
Why does the Calvin cycle not operate at night?
not enough CO2 is available
-
C3 plants tend to grow best between which of the following temperature ranges?
20° C to 30°C
-
What element can interfere with carbon fixation?
oxygen
-
What is a primary difference between C3 and C4 plants?
C3 plants have one system of carbon fixation, while C4 plants have two systems of carbon fixation.
-
Which of the following provides the most energy?
photosynthesis
-
How do chemoautotrophs help plants?
They oxidize ammonium ions to nitrates, which plants use.
|
|
