-
Size: small, 0.2-2.0 μm
Nuclear body: no nuclear membrane, no mitosis
DNA: single molecule; not in chromosomes
Organelles: None
Cell Wall: relatively thin; usually peptidoglycan
Ribsome: 70s
- Prokaryotic
-
Size: Larger, 2-200 μm
Nuclear body: True nucleus, nuclear membrane; mitosis
DNA: several to many chromosomes
Organelles: Yes
Cell Wall: Thick or absent; chemically different
Ribsome: 80s (70s in organelles)
- Eukaryotic
-
A group of diverse, eukaryotic, typical unicellular microorganisms.
Has a Cellular structure.
Protozoa
-
A group of diverse, eukaryotic, unicellular and multicultural microorganisms including (Yeast, Mold, Mushroom).
Has a Cellular structure.
Fungi
-
A group of filamentous, branching, gram-positive organisms resemble fungi on morphology, but they are prokaryotic size.
Has a Cellular structure.
- Actinomycetes
-
A group of diverse, prokaryotic, single cell microorganisms.
Has a Cellular structure.
Bacteria
-
Small, prokaryotic organisms, with no peptioglycan cell walls, enclosed by a membrane composed of lipid bilayer.
Has a Cellular structure.
Mycoplasma
-
A genus of very small bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, using host's energy in form of ATP and NAD+.
Prokaryotic.
Has a Cellular structure.
Chlamydiae
-
A group of prokaryotic small bacteria only grow inside living host cells.
Has a Cellular structure.
Rickettsiae
-
No cell structure, can not independently live, no metabolism of their own, have their own genetic elements (DNA / RNA) complexed with protein.
Has no cellular structure.
- Viruses
-
Small circular single-stranded RNA, which is not complexed with any protein.
Has no cellular structure.
Viroid
-
Small protein which appear to be self-replicated but are completely devoid of nucleic acid.
Has no Cellular structure.
Prion
-
What is the difference between Intracellular and Extracellular infections?
- Intracellular - pathogens must enter cell
- Extracellular - pathogens attack outside of cells
-
Microbes both cause and prevent disease.
Microbes produce antibiotics used to treat disease.
The single most important achievement of modern medicine is the ability to treat or prevent microbial disease.
Medical Microbiology
-
Normally not harmful, when the immune system is weak or by some other reasons become pathogen.
Opportunistic Pathogens (i.e. E.coli)
-
Microorganisms that do not cause disease but are found on / in skin, eyes, nose, mouth, upper thoat, lower urethra, lower intestines and large intestines.
Normal flora
-
What are the relative size of organisms form smallest to largest?
- Prions
- Proteins
- Viruses
- Mycoplasma
- Chlyamydiae
- Rickettsiae
- Mitochondrion
- Bacteria
- Eukaryotes
- Large protozoa
- Worms
-
"kissing disease"
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Infects B cells and Epithelial cells
Infectious Mononucleosis
-
What are the complication of "mono"?
- Mild inflammation of liver / Hepatitis
- Splenomegaly leading to possible rupture
- Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Encephalitis
- Hemolytic Anemia
-
Thickness of wall : thick (20-80 nm)
Number of layers: 1
Peptidoglycan (murein) content: > 50%
Teichoic acids in wall: present
Lipid and lipprotein content: 0-3%
Protein content: 0
Lipopolysaccharide content: 0
Sensitivity to Penicillin G: yes
Sensitivity to lysosomes: yes
Properties of Gram-postive bacteria
-
Thickness of wall : thin (10 nm)
Number of layers: 2
Peptidoglycan (murein) content: 10-20%
Teichoic acids in wall: absent
Lipid and lipprotein content: 58%
Protein content: 9%
Lipopolysaccharide content: 13%
Sensitivity to Penicillin G: no
Sensitivity to lysosomes: no
Properties of Gram-negative bacteria
-
Identify the following and their definitions
- 1. Flagella - filamentous protein structure attached to the cell surface that provide swimming movement for most motile bacterial cells (found in most Gram-negative bacteria)
- 2. Fimbriae / Pili - short, hair-like structures on the surface of bacterial cells (found in most Gram-negative bacteria
- 3. Capsule - Lipidpolysaccharide (LPS) layer outside cell wall
-
Released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth
Exotoxins (Gram-positive in nature)
-
Released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense or the activities of certain antibiotics
Endotoxins / LPS (Gram-negative in nature)
-
Chemical Nature: LPS (mw = 10 kDa)
Relationship to cell: part of outer membrane (lipid)
Denatured by Boiling: No
Antigenic: Yes
Potency: Relatively low (>100 ug)
Specificity: Low Degree
Enzymatic activity: No
Pyrogenicity: Yes
Characteristics of Bacterial Endotoxins / LPS
-
Chemical Nature: Protein (mw = 50-1000 kDa)
Relationship to cell: extracellular, diffusible (protein)
Denatured by Boiling: Usually
Antigenic: Yes
Potency: Relatively high (1 ug)
Specificity: High Degree
Enzymatic activity: Usually
Pyrogenicity: Occasionally
Characteristics of Bacterial Exotoxins
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