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The spinal cord consists of
ascending and descending myelinated azons that carry neural signals to and from the brain
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cross section of spinal cord reveals
h-shaped center area of gray matter with surrounding periphery white matter
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gray matter
composed of mostly cell bodies and dendrites, it is the h-shape of a cross section of the spinal spinal cord
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white matter
consists of myelinated axon, cross section of spinal cord
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spinal cord has ___ pairs of _________ nerves
31, peripheral
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The nerves that enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side, and are formed from azons of unipolar sensory neurons
dorsal roots
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the cell bodies of dorsal roots that are grouped together
dorsal root ganglion
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the terminals of these sensory neurons form the dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
dorsal horns
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the nerves that enter the central side of the spinal cord, are formed from azons of multipolar motor neurons
ventral roots
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ventral roots inside the spinal cord
ventral horn
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a cluster of neurons outside the CNS
ganglion
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a cluster of nuerons within the CNS
nucleus
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at the posterior end of the spinal cord, a mass of loose spinal nerves
cuada equina
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cervical nerves
8, carry sensory and motor info from head ,nack,amrs
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thoracic nerves
12, serve the torso
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lumbar nerves
5, serve the lower back and legs
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sacral and coccygeal nerves
5, 1, serve the backs of lower legs and genitals
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cranial nerves
12, enter and exit the bottom of the brain
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this junction is where the sympathetic presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons meet
sympathetic ganglion
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interconnected chain of ganglia, located lateral to the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord
sympathetic ganglion chain
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the presynaptic neuron
preganglionic neuron
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the postsynaptic neuron
postganglionic neuron
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postganglionic neurons use
norepinephrine
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all the preganglionic and postganglionic nurons of the autonomic nervous system use
acetylcholine
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the five subdivisions of the brain
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
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the hindbrain is composed of three structures
medulla , pons, cerebellum
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points of entry and exit for the cranial nerves
pons, medulla
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found in the pons and medulla, made up of 100 nuclei that serve a wide range of functions ( increase alertness)
reticular formation
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found in the pons and medulla,creats serotonin to be used in other parts of the brain
raphe system
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pons is recognizable due to
its ventral bugle on the brainstem since it in located where many sensory and motor axons crossover to serve the opposite side of the body
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located in the pons,produces norepinephrine for the rest of the brain
locus coeruleus
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cerebellum is important for
balance, motor coordination and the learning of movements
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the midbrain is
superior to the hindbrain on the brainstem and surrounds the cerebral aqueduct, this is where dorsal refers to toward the back rather than the top of the head
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the dorsal part of the midbrain
tectum
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pair of bumps that is higher on the brainstem in the midbrain, plays a role in visual orienting ti the location of objects and visual tracking of objects
superior culliculi
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the lower pair of bumps in the midbrain, it is used for auditory info to determine the location of an object
inferior colliculi
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the ventral portion of the midbrain
tegmentum
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a cluster of cell bodies that surround the cerebral aqueduct, reduces the perception of pain
periaqueductal gray
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the red nucleus and substantial nigra both interact with
other motor related area of the cortex and basal ganglia to produc movement
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