Test 2

the capacity to do work

the total amount of energy in an object is:

stored energy that may perform work as a result of its location or arrangement

energy that is used to do work

amount of energy thats required to raise the temp of one gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C

study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

a measure of disorder or randomness. In general, the more disorted a system is, the higher this is

State the first law of thermodynamics:

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics:

Life remains ordered and complex because the ____ is constantly supplying energy to Earth.

reaction that reuired an input of energy to proceed

reaction that releases energy

the products contain less energy than reactants

the products contain more energy than the reactants

Photosynthesis is an example of a ______ reaction

Respiration is an example of a _____ reaction

Chemical reactions can proceed in ____ directions

At chemical equilibrium, their_______ of products and reactants are _____.

in oxidation-reduction reactions energized ____ are transferred from one molecule to another

oxidations means the ____ of electrons; these reactions are ______ (they release energy)

reduction means a ____ of electrons; these reactions are _____ (they require energy)

odixdation and reduction always occur _____.

which two cellular processes use electron transport chains?

what are the components of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule?

when does ATP release energy

similtaneuous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives the other

a cell uses ATP as an energy source by ______ (transferring its phosphate group to) another molecule

what are two things that could happen when a phosphate is added to a molecule?

two exmples of cellular "jobs" that use ATP

ATP's high energy ______ bonds make the molecule too ____ for long term storage

cells constatly recycle ____ by adding phosphate groups to ADP

an organic molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction without being consumed

how do enzymes speed up reactions

one enzyme can catalyze ____ or _____ chemical reactions

the region where the substrates bond

______ fit like puzzle pieces into the active site

once the reaction occurs at the active site the enzyme releases _____

the reaction at the active site does not ____ nor _____ the enzyme after the protein releases

the active site of the enzyme after a reaction occurs is ____ and _____ to pick up more substrate

substances that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction

name an example of a cofactor

metals such as zinc, iorn, and copper

an organic cofactor. produced by the cell using water-soluble vitamins

name an example of a coenzyme

(feedback inhibition) the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its formation

what are two types of negative feedback

a product activates the pathway leading to its own production

three factors that can affect enzyme activity

when a solute is more concentratedf in one region than in a neighboring one. it dissapates unless energy is expended to maintain it.

this represents a form of potential energy

a cell can maintain a ________ if the cell expends energy to do so.

if a cell does not expend energy, then the concentration gradient will dissipate due to _______.

the tendency for particles of any kind to spread out from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

diffusion occurs because all substances have ____ energy; they are in constant ___ motion

simple diffusion (no proteins required) in which a substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of a carrier molecule

What are three types of passive transport

substances to which the membran is permeable moves across a membrane without the assistance of transport protiens

water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane

substances to which the membrane is not permeable move across the membrane with the assistnace of transport protiens

concentrations are equal the solution

type of solution that will cause plant cells to be flacid (wilt)

type of solution that animal cells are happiest in

lower concentration of solute

type of solution that causes cells to burst

type of solution that is best for plants

type of solution that makes a plant turgid (stand up staight)

higher concentration of solute

type of solution that will cause hemolysis when red blood cell is placed in it

type of solution that causes the cells water to rush up and makes the cell shrivel up

type of solution that causes plasmolysis in plants when the water rushes out and the plant shrivels

a chemical gradient represents a form of _____ energy

tow fomrs of transport that use vesicles:

allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and bring them into the cell

(cells package substances to be secreted into vesicles, which fuse with the cell membrane to release the materials) uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cells

the sum of all endergonic and exergonic reations in a cell

for a cell to use chemical energy to perform work, it must couples these two types of reactions

when a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it couples an exergonic reaction with an endergonic reation. this process is known as

this is essential to energy coupling

____ stores the usable energy released from the exergonic reactions

ATP becomes _____ when it loses a phosphate

Hydrolysis of ATP is an ____ reaction because it releases energy

type of kinetic energy. does not destroy energy just makes it more useful. most difficult to tame. energy in its most chaotic form

potential energy of molecules

a measure of a disorder

diffusion across a membrane is known as

particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient until ___ is reached

movement of a substance across a membrane from high concentration to low

diffusion of a substance across the plasma membrane by help of a transport protein

this type of diffusion works with a concentration gradient and a transport protein

requires energy to move a substance across a membrane

an example of active transport

cellular eating

cellular drinking

pulls a very specific type of molecule into the cell

____ help lower activation energy

activation energy is ____ to help enzymes

when the substrate fits into the active site and it embraces it to begin the reaction

how many times can an enzyme be used

blocks active site and causes it to change shape. this can be reversed

changes the shape of enzymes active site

diffusion of water

when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

when the water rushes out of a plant cell and the plant begins to shrivel