Food Chem- lecture 4B

  1. In nature are fatty acids generally found in their free form or incorporated into triacylglycerols?
    They are normally found incorporated into triacycglycerols
  2. What are the 2 basic forms fatty acids come in?
    Saturated and Unsaturated
  3. Describe saturated fatty acids
    • simplest and least reactive
    • Chain series of methyl groups terminating in an carboxyl group
    • Structurally a zig-zag but linear overall
    • Weak acids
  4. What length of saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature?
    C12
  5. Why does water solubility decrease with increasing chain length?
    Increasing hydrophobicity as the methyl chain extends and dominates the more polar carboxyl group
  6. Which fatty acids are slightly miscible with water?
    C4-C8
  7. What special properties do the monovalent salts of free fatty acids have?
    They are water soluble, with strong surface tension reducing properties (bubbles!!)
  8. Why cant soaps be used as emulsifiers?
    Although they are excellent emulsifiers, they taste awful
  9. When do you get soapy off flavors in food?
    When metal ions in food react with a free fatty acid
  10. What is soap scum?
    Divalent ion salts are largely insoluble so when it reacts with hard water it makes soap scum
  11. What are the two naming systems for fatty acids?
    • Trivial names
    • Systematic names (IUPAC)
  12. Which names tend to predominate?
    Trivial Names
  13. What is the common name of 'ethanoic acid'?
    Acetic acid
  14. What is the common name of butanoic acid?
    Butyric acid
  15. What is the common name of hexanoic acid?
    Caproic acid
  16. What is the common name of octanoic acid?
    Caprylic acid
  17. What is the common name of decanoic acid?
    Capric acid
  18. What is the common name of dodecanoic acid?
    Myristic acid
  19. What is the common name of hexadecanoic acid?
    palmitic acid
  20. What is the common name of octadecanoic acid?
    Steric acid
  21. What is the common name of eicosanoic acid?
    arachidonic acid
  22. What is the common name of docosanoic acid?
    Behnic acid
  23. What are fatty acids with one double bond called?
    Monounsaturated
  24. What does a cis double bond do to the molecular structure?
    Introduces a kink which can make an L or U shape, depending on where the double bond is located
  25. What does a single trans bond make a fatty acid look like?
    Appear more like a saturated fatty acid than an unsaturated fatty acid
  26. What is the order of melting points?
    Cis < Trans < Saturated
  27. Is it easier for trans-monounsaturated or cis-monounsaturated to for a crystal latice?
    Trans-monounsaturated (mono-cis = bandaids)
  28. What is a common and generally unavoidable side effect of hydrogenation?
    Conversion of cis isomers to trans
  29. Fun Fact: cis-trans conversion to a large degree is the main mechanism by which oils are converted into plastic fats during hydrogenation, moreso than the accompanying desired reduction in the overall degree of unsaturation
    YAY!!
  30. Why are trans fatty acids consider to be un-natural fatty acids?
    Because they are not found in nature
  31. Are trans fatty acids metabolized more like saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
    More like saturated eventhough they are unsaturated
  32. Why does butter naturally contain trans fatty acids?
    Due to bio-hydrogenation of cis fatty acids to trans by reumen miroorganisms
  33. What does positional isomerism affect?
    The physical properties of monounsaturated fats, because of where the double bond is located
  34. In IUPAC nomenclature, where is the double bond position counted from?
    carboxylic end
  35. Which is a more significant variable: positional isomerism or cis/trans configuration
    cis/trans configuration is more significant
  36. What is an example of when the position of a double bond an be very important?
    Omega-3 fatty acids
  37. What are the two basic forms of how double bonds are situated relative to each other?
    • unconjugated: they are separated by methylene carbon
    • Conjugated: next to eachother
  38. Are most natural polyunsatured FAs conjugated or unconjugated?
    Unconjugated
  39. What is the most famous naturally occuring conjugated fatty acid?
    Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which has both cis and trans double bonds
  40. What is special about CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid)?
    It is considered to have anti-carcinogenic effects, anti-arteriosclerotic effects, help the immune system and affects energy metabolism
  41. Are conjugated or unconjugated FAs more thermodynamically stable?
    Conjugated
  42. Are conjugated or unconjugated FAs more susceptible to autoxidation?
    conjugated
  43. What is an active methylene group?
    • The methyl group in linolenic acid that is positioned between double bonds which are conjugated on one side and unconjugated on the other
    • Contributes substantially to reversion phenomenon
  44. What are the most common unsaturated fatty acids?
    Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic
  45. How is the presence of a double bond indicated in the nomenclature?
    • Ending becomes -enoic instead of -anoic
    • If there is more than one double bond, the count is given before the suffix
  46. How is the location of the double bond indicated in the nomenclature?
    Counting from the carboxyl end, put the number of the carbon that the double bond starts at before the full name
  47. How do you indicate cis/trans configuration in the nomenclature?
    Put either cis or trans before every number
  48. What is the omega carbon?
    The last carbon which tells you to count from the CH3 end instead
  49. Why are omega-3 fatty acids considered beneficial?
    They slow the development of arteriosclerosis
  50. What does straight chain variety mean?
    The fatty acid has no branches or side groups or chains
  51. Describe branched chain fatty acids
    • They have a hydrocarbon branch in the chain
    • They contain a cyclopropene ring
  52. Why is the cyclopropene ring bad for chicken eggs?
    It makes pasty and rubbery yolks and causes egg color problems
  53. Describe hydroxy acids
    • Contain a hydroxyl group in the fatty acid chain (very reactive)
    • Found in the oil of the castor bean tree
  54. What are acetylinic fatty acids?
    Contain a triple bond
  55. What are some other functional groups which may be present in the fatty acid chain?
    • Sulfur
    • Ketone
    • Amine
Author
Morgan.liberatore
ID
135098
Card Set
Food Chem- lecture 4B
Description
Food chem lecture 4B
Updated